to regard as certain

* * *

hăbĕo, ui, itum, 2 (archaic perf. subj. habessit, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; inf. haberier, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 111), v. a. and n. [etym. dub.; cf. Gr. kôpê, handle; Lat. capio; Germ. haben, Haft; Engl. have], to have, in the widest sense of the word, to hold, keep, possess, cherish, entertain, occupy, enclose, contain (cf.: teneo, possideo, etc.).

In gen.

Of personal subjects.

With persons or things as objects: SI INTESTATO MORITVR, CVI SVVS HERES NEC SIT, AGNATVS PROXIMVS FAMILIAM HABETO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Ulp. Fragm. 26, 1: ex tui animi sententia tu uxorem habes? Cato ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 260; cf.:

aliquam habere in matrimonio, Cic. Scaur. § 8: ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 6:

si et prudentes homines et non veteres reges habere voluerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37 fin.:

quae cum patrem clarissimum, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

cum ille haberet filium delicatiorem,

id. de Or. 2, 64, 257:

quod non ingenuous habeat clarosque parentes,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 91:

habebat saepe ducentos, saepe decem servos,

id. ib. 1, 3, 11:

fundum habere, Cic. Tull. § 14: cur pecuniam non habeat mulier?

id. Rep. 3, 10:

tantas divitias habet,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 99; so,

aurum,

id. ib. 2, 3, 35; and:

vectigalia magna Divitiasque,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 101:

tantum opum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48:

classes,

id. Phil. 9, 2, 4:

naves,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 40, § 104:

denique sit finis quaerendi, cumque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 92:

tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet Plus dapis,

id. Ep. 1, 17, 50:

Dionysii equus quid attulit admirationis, quod habuit apes in juba?

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 67: faenum habet in cornu;

longe fuge,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 34:

leges in monumentis habere,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14:

hostis habet muros,

Verg. A. 2, 290:

hostis habet portus,

Val. Fl. 3, 45 al.:

quam vellem Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10:

Ciceronem secum,

id. Att. 4, 9, 2; cf.:

ea legione, quam secum habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8, 1:

secum senatorem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 31, § 77; cf.

also: magnum numerum equitatus circum se,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 5:

haec si habeat aurum, quod illi renumeret, faciat lubens,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12; cf.:

quid non habuisti quod dares? Habuisse se dicet, Cic. Scaur. § 19: quod non desit, habentem,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 52:

qui in foro turbaque, quicum colloqui libeat, non habeant,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17.—

With abstr. objects: quid illos, bono genere gnatos, opinanimi animi habuisse atque habituros dum vivent? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:

quod uno et eodem temporis puncto nati dissimiles et naturas et vitas et casus habent,

Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95:

febrim,

id. Fam. 7, 26, 1:

instrumenta animi,

id. Rep. 3, 3:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est, quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare,

id. ib. 1, 2:

in populos perpetuam potestatem,

id. ib. 2, 27; cf.:

in populum vitae necisque potestatem,

id. ib. 3, 14; so,

potestatem,

id. ib. 2, 29; 32;

36: eo plus auctoritatis,

id. ib. 3, 16:

ornamenta dicendi,

id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:

summam prudentiam summamque vim dicendi,

id. ib. 1, 20, 89:

Q. Lucilius Balbus tantos progressus habebat in Stoicis, ut, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 15:

neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, reperiri poterat,

Caes. B. G. 4, 20 fin.:

nonnullam invidiam ex eo, quod, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 283: nimiam spem, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 17, 1:

spem in fide alicujus,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; cf.:

tantum spei ad vivendum,

id. Att. 15, 20, 2; id. N. D. 3, 6, 14; cf.

also: summam spem de aliquo,

id. Lael. 3, 11:

odium in equestrem ordinem,

id. Clu. 55, 151:

metum,

Prop. 3, 11 (4, 10), 6: consolationem [p. 834] semper in ore atque in animo, Cic. Fam. 5, 16, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 56 Mull.:

rogavi, ut diceret, quid haberet in animo,

Cic. Att. 8, 10:

neque modum neque modestiam victores habere,

observe no bounds, Sall. C. 11, 4;

v. modus: haec habebam fere, quae te scire vellem,

Cic. Att. 1, 6; cf.:

haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem,

this is what I had to say, id. Lael. 27 fin.: fidem, gratiam, honorem, rationem; v. these nouns.—In a play on the word lumen: Arge, jaces; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas Exstinctum est, the light for so many lights ( eyes), Ov. M. 1, 720.—

With inf. (analog. to the Gr. echô), to have something to do, be able to do something:

habeo etiam dicere quem contra morem majorum dejecerit, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:

de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 6.—So with inf. or with the part. fut. pass. (ante-class. and post-Aug.), to have or be obliged to do something, I must do something:

rogas, ut id mihi habeam curare,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:

filius hominis, quod carne indui haberet in terra,

Lact. 4, 12, 15:

habemus humiliare eum in signo,

id. 4, 18, 22:

quod plurimae haereses haberent existere,

id. 4, 30, 2:

etiam Filius Dei mori habuit,

Tert. Hab. Mul. 1:

si inimicos jubemur diligere, quem habemus odisse?

id. Apol. 37:

de spatiis ordinum eatenus praecipiendum habemus, ut intelligant agricolae, etc.,

Col. 5, 5, 3:

praesertim cum enitendum haberemus, ut, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 12:

si nunc primum statuendum haberemus,

Tac. A. 14, 44:

cum respondendum haberent,

id. Or. 36.—

Of inanim. or abstr. subjects:

prima classis LXXXVIII. centurias habeat,

Cic. Rep. 2, 22:

locus ille nihil habet religionis,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 57:

humani animi eam partem, quae sensum habeat,

id. Div. 1, 32, 70:

animus incorruptus agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse habetur,

Sall. J. 2, 3:

divinus animus mortale nihil habuit, Cic. Scaur. § 50: habet statum res publica de tribus secundarium,

id. Rep. 1, 42; cf.:

nullum est genus illarum rerum publicarum, quod non habeat iter ad finitimum quoddam malum,

id. ib. 1, 28:

ipsa aequabilitas est iniqua, cum habeat nullos gradus dignitatis,

id. ib. 1, 27:

nulla alia in civitate...ullum domicilium libertas habet,

id. ib. 1, 31:

nostri casus plus honoris habuerunt quam laboris,

id. ib. 1, 4; cf.:

viri excellentis ancipites variique casus habent admirationem,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

habet etiam amoenitas ipsa illecebras multas cupiditatum,

id. Rep. 2, 4:

quid habet illius carminis simile haec oratio?

id. ib. 1, 36:

magnam habet vim disciplina verecundiae,

id. ib. 4, 6 et saep.:

quomodo habere dicimur febrem, cum illa nos habeat,

Sen. Ep. 119 med.; cf.:

animalia somnus habebat,

Verg. A. 3, 147; Ov. M. 7, 329:

me somno gravatum Infelix habuit thalamus,

Verg. A. 6, 521; cf.:

non me impia namque Tartara habent,

id. ib. 5, 734:

habentque Tartara Panthoiden,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 9:

qui (metus) major absentes habet,

id. Epod. 1, 18; Sen. Const. Sap. 7:

et habet mortalia casus,

Luc. 2, 13:

terror habet vates,

Stat. Th. 3, 549.

In partic.

Pregn., to have or possess property (mostly absol.):

miserum istuc verbum et pessumum'st, habuisse et nihil habere,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 34; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 10: qui habet, ultro appetitur: qui est pauper, aspernatur, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P.:

habet idem in nummis, habet idem in urbanis praediis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 86, § 199; so,

in nummis,

id. Att. 8, 10:

in Salentinis aut in Brutiis,

i. e. to have possessions, id. Rosc. Am. 46, 132; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45: nos quod simus, quod habeamus, etc., Curius ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 29, 1:

et belli rabies et amor successit habendi,

Verg. A. 8, 327; cf.:

amore senescit habendi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 85; Phaedr. 3 prol. 21; Juv. 14, 207: quid habentibus auri nunquam exstincta sitis? Sil. 5, 264; so, habentes = hoi echontes, the wealthy, Lact. 5, 8, 7. —

With an object - or relative-clause, to have the means, ability, or knowledge, i. e. to be in a condition, to be able, to know how to do or say any thing.

With an objectclause:

de Alexandrina re tantum habeo polliceri, me tibi cumulate satisfacturum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 3:

de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 6:

haec fere dicere habui de natura deorum,

this is the substance of what I had to say, id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf.:

quid habes igitur dicere de Gaditano foedere?

id. Balb. 14, 33:

habeo etiam dicere, quem de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:

illud affirmare pro certo habeo, etc.,

Liv. 44, 22, 4:

sic placet, an melius quis habet suadere?

Hor. Epod. 16, 23.—

With a relat.-clause (usually with a negative: non habeo, quid faciam;

or: nihil habeo, quod faciam, dicam, etc.): de quibus habeo ipse, quid sentiam: non habeo autem, quid tibi assentiar,

Cic. N. D. 3, 25, 64:

de pueris quid agam, non habeo,

id. Att. 7, 19:

usque eo quid arguas non habes,

id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45:

quid huic responderet, non habebat,

id. Mur. 12, 26:

nec quid faceret habebat,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

qui, quo se reciperent, non haberent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 38, 2:

nihil habeo, quod ad te scribam,

Cic. Att. 7, 19:

nil habeo, quod agam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 19; and:

nihil habeo, quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare,

Cic. Lael. 27, 103.—

To have in use, make use of, use (very rare, for the usual uti, opp. abuti):

anulus in digito subter tenuatur habendo,

i. e. by use, by wearing, Lucr. 1, 312; cf.:

aera nitent usu: vestis bona quaerit haberi,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 51:

quippe quas (divitias) honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant,

Sall. C. 13, 2 Kritz; cf.:

magnae opes innocenter paratae et modeste habitae,

Tac. A. 4, 44.—Hence,

To hold, use, wield, handle, manage:

nec inmensa barbarorum scuta, enormis hastas, inter truncos arborum perinde haberi quam pila,

Tac. A. 2, 14.— Trop.:

quo modo rem publicam habuerint (majores), disserere,

Sall. C. 5, 9; cf.:

reipublicae partes,

Tac. A. 4, 6 init. —

To hold or keep a person or thing in any condition; to have, hold, or regard in any light:

aliquem in obsidione,

Caes. B. C. 3, 31, 3:

aliquem in liberis custodiis,

Sall. C. 47, 3; so,

aliquem in custodiis,

id. ib. 52, 14:

aliquem in vinculis,

id. ib. 51 fin.;

for which also: in custodiam habitus,

i. e. put into prison and kept there, Liv. 22, 25; Tac. H. 1, 87; cf.:

quo facilius omne Hadriaticum mare in potestatem haberet,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25 Oud. N. cr. (al. in potestate):

cum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,

Sall. J. 112 fin. Kritz N. cr.:

quae res eos in magno diuturnoque bello inter se habuit,

id. ib. 79, 3:

alios in ea fortuna haberent, ut socii esse quam cives mallent,

Liv. 26, 24:

aegros in tenebris,

Cels. 3, 18:

aquam caelestem sub dio in sole,

Col. 12, 12, 1:

in otio militem,

Liv. 39, 2, 6; cf.:

legiones habebantur per otium,

Tac. H. 1, 31:

externa sine cura habebantur,

id. A. 1, 79 init.:

exercitus sine imperio et modestia habitus,

Sall. J. 44, 1:

quos ille postea magno in honore habuit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2;

for which: quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit,

id. B. G. 5, 54, 4:

habeo Junium (mensem) et Quintilem in metu,

i. e. I fear, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14.— So with an adj. or a perf. part., to denote a lasting condition:

ita me mea forma habet sollicitum,

Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 95 Lorenz; id. Men. 4, 2, 12; 21:

miserrimum ego hunc habebo amasium,

id. Cas. 3, 3, 27 al.:

laetum Germanicum,

Tac. A. 2, 57; 65:

sollicitum habebat cogitatio,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1; 2, 16, 2.—Hence,

With a double object, esp. freq. with the part. perf. pass., to have, hold, or possess a person or thing in any quality or capacity, as any thing; to have, hold, or possess an action as completed, finished (a pregn. circumlocution for the perf.):

cum haberet collegam in praetura Sophoclem,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93:

an heredem habuerit eum, a quo, etc.,

id. 7, 2, 37:

istaec illum perdidit assentatio, nam absque te esset, ego illum haberem rectum ad ingenium bonum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 8:

cur ergo unus tu Apollonidenses miseriores habes quam pater tuus habuit umquam?

Cic. Fl. 29, 71:

obvium habuerunt patrem,

Quint. 7, 1, 29:

reliquas civitates stipendiarias,

Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 3:

quod (cognomen) habes hereditarium,

Cic. Rep. 6, 11:

quae habuit venalia,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 11, 1:

qui auro habeat soccis suppactum solum,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 98:

me segregatum habuisse, uxorem ut duxit, a me Pamphilum,

have kept him away, aloof, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 25; cf.:

inclusum in curia senatum habuerunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8:

(Romulus) habuit plebem in clientelas principum descriptam,

id. Rep. 2, 9: satis mihi videbar habere cognitum Scaevolam ex iis rebus, quas, etc., id. Brut. 40, 147; cf.:

si nondum eum satis habes cognitum,

id. Fam. 13, 17, 3; ib. 15, 20 fin.: fidem spectatam jam et diu cognitam, id. Div. ap. Caecil. 4, 11:

decumas ad aquam deportatas,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36:

domitas habere libidines,

id. de Or. 1, 43, 194:

omnes philosophiae notos et tractatos locos,

id. Or. 33, 118; id. Rep. 2, 6:

innumerabilia, quae collecta habent Stoici,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145: quantum in acie tironi sit committendum, nimium saepe expertum habemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 3:

quare velim ita statutum habeas, me, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1: habeo absolutum suave epos ad Caesarem, id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 6:

in adversariis scriptum habere (nomen),

id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

de Caesare satis dictum habebo,

id. Phil. 5, 19, 52:

bellum habere susceptum,

id. Agr. 2, 6, 14:

quam (domum) tu iam dimensam et exaedificatam animo habebas,

id. Att. 1, 6, 1:

ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam,

Sall. J. 85, 7:

compertum ego habeo,

id. Cat. 58, 1; cf. Nep. Att. 17 fin.; 18, 1: neque ea res falsum ( part. perf. pass.) me habuit, Sall. J. 10, 1 al. From this use is derived the compound perf. of the Romance languages: ho veduto, j'ai vu, qs. habeo visum, I have seen).—

Also, with a double object, to make, render:

praecipit ut dent operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos habeant,

Sall. C. 41, 5:

qui pascua publica infesta habuerant,

Liv. 39, 29, 9; 34, 36, 3:

necdum omnia edita facinora habent,

id. 39, 16, 3; 31, 42, 1:

anxium me et inquietum habet petitio Sexti,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 1:

sed Pompeium gratia impunitum habuit,

kept, Vell. 2, 1, 5.—

Hence:

in aliquo (aliqua re), aliquem (aliquid) habere (rare): ea si fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me habiturum,

Sall. J. 14, 1:

in vobis liberos, parentes, consanguineos habeo,

Curt. 6, 9, 12:

majora in eo obsequia habiturus,

Just. 8, 6, 6; cf. Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 5.—

To have or hold a person in any manner, to treat, use:

is, uti tu me hic habueris, proinde illum illic curaverit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 64:

equitatu agmen adversariorum male habere et carpere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 63, 2; cf. Cels. 3, 20; 3, 21:

exercitum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habere,

Sall. C. 11, 5 Kritz; cf.:

eos ille non pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accurate et liberaliter habuit,

id. J. 103, 5; 113, 2:

Fabiis plurimi (saucii) dati, nec alibi majore cura habiti,

Liv. 2, 47, 12; 29, 8, 6; 37, 34, 5:

video quam molliter tuos habeas,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 1:

militant vobiscum, qui superbe habiti rebellassent,

Curt. 8, 8, 11:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

id. 3, 12, 21; 4, 10, 33:

male habere aliquem,

Nep. Eum. 12, 1:

neque conjugem et filium ejus hostiliter haberi,

Tac. A. 2, 10.—

With se, and sometimes mid. or neut., to hold or keep himself or itself in a certain manner, i. e. to be constituted or situated, to find one's self, to be, in any manner.

Habere se:

Tironem Patris aegrum reliqui...et quamquam videbatur se non graviter habere, tamen sum sollicitus, etc.,

Cic. Att. 7, 2, 3:

praeclare te habes, cum, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 149:

ipsi se hoc melius habent quam nos, quod, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 7, 4:

Bene habemus nos,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1:

ego me bene habeo,

am well, Tac. A. 14, 51: praeclare se res habeat ( is well), si, etc., Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

male se res habet, cum, quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecunia,

id. Off. 2, 6, 22; cf. id. de Or. 2, 77, 313:

quae cum ita se res haberet, tamen, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 124; cf.:

ita se res habet, ut ego, etc.,

id. Quint. 1, 2:

sic profecto res se habet,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 271:

scire aveo, quomodo res se habeat,

id. Att. 13, 35, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 32, 140:

ut se tota res habeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 15; cf.:

ut meae res sese habent,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 1.—

Mid.:

virtus clara aeternaque habetur,

exhibits itself, is, continues, Sall. C. 1, 4:

sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur,

as for the most part happens in human affairs, id. ib. 6, 3.—

Neutr. (as also the Gr echô): Tullia nostra recte valet: Terentia minus belle habuit, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 1:

volui animum tandem confirmare hodie meum, Ut bene haberem filiae nuptiis,

I might enjoy myself, Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 2: qui bene habet suisque amicis est volup, id. [p. 835] Mil. 3, 1, 130:

bene habent tibi principia,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 82:

bene habet: jacta sunt fundamenta defensionis,

it is well, Cic. Mur. 6, 14; Liv. 8, 6:

magnum narras, vix credibile! atqui sic habet,

so it is, it is even so, Hor. S. 1, 9, 53: illasce sues sanas esse habereque recte licere spondesne? Formula emendi, ap. Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 5; 2, 3, 5.—

To hold, account, esteem, consider, regard a person or thing in any manner or as any thing; to think or believe a person or thing to be so or so:

aliquem fidelem sibi habere,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 87:

deos aeternos et beatos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

id habent hodie vile et semper habuerunt,

id. Balb. 22, 51:

maximam illam voluptatem habemus, quae, etc.,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 37:

eum nos ut perveterem habemus... nec vero habeo quemquam antiquiorem,

id. Brut. 15, 61:

Ut et rex et pater habereter omnium,

id. Rep. 1, 36; 2, 21:

parentem Asiae et dici et haberi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10 fin.:

eos dicit esse habitos deos, a quibus, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

cum esset habendus rex, quicumque genere regio natus esset,

id. Rep. 1, 33; cf. id. ib. 2, 12 fin.: non habeo nauci Marsum augurem, Poet. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132:

cujus auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21, 7:

nihil pensi habere,

Quint. 11, 1, 29; cf.

also: an perinde habenda sit haec atque illa,

id. 7, 3, 11:

sese illum non pro amico, sed pro hoste habiturum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 19; so,

aliquem pro hoste,

Liv. 2, 20; Curt. 6, 2 al.:

nisi in provincia relictas rationes pro relatis haberem,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2:

licet omnia Italica pro Romanis habeam,

Quint. 1, 5, 56; 12, 10, 73:

istuc jam pro facto habeo,

Cic. Att. 13, 1, 2:

Pompeium pro certo habemus per Illyricum proficisci in Galliam,

to consider as certain, id. ib. 10, 6 fin.:

id obliviscendum, pro non dicto habendum,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

hoc velim in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas,

Cic. Att. 5, 5 fin.:

aliquem in deorum numero,

id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

aliquem in hostium numero,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

aliquem suorum In numero,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 41;

for which also: hostium numero haberi,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 6:

numero impiorum ac sceleratorum haberi,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 7; cf. also Quint. 3, 7, 2:

quem Aegyptii nefas habent nominare,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 56:

mutare nefas habent,

Quint. 12, 8, 6:

nec tamen est habendum religioni, nocentem aliquando defendere,

to scruple, make a conscience of, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 51; cf.:

nec eam rem habuit religioni,

id. Div. 1, 35, 77:

quando tu me bene merentem tibi habes despicatui,

you despise, Plaut. Men. 4, 3, 19:

non sic ludibrio tuis factis habitus essem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 11.—Hence: sic habeto, or sic habeas aliquid, or with an object-clause, hold or judge thus, be convinced or persuaded, believe, know:

sed hoc nihil ad te: illud velim sic habeas, uod intelliges, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 2:

unum hoc sic habeto: si, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 6 fin.:

sic habeto: omnibus, etc.,

id. Rep. 6, 13:

enitere et sic habeto, non esse te mortalem, sed corpus hoc,

id. ib. 6, 24; so with an object-clause, id. Fam. 2, 10, 1; 16, 4, 4.—Without sic:

id primum ergo habeto, non sine magna causa, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 2:

tantum habeto, civem egregium esse Pompeium, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 8, 2.—

To take, accept, bear, submit to, endure:

neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo habuere,

Sall. C. 51, 11:

egestas facile habetur sine damno,

id. ib. 6, 37:

quae in praesens Tiberius civiliter habuit, sed, etc.,

Tac. A. 4, 21:

neque tantum maleficium impune habendum,

id. ib. 3, 70;

12, 48: nec ita aegre habuit filium id pro parente ausum,

Liv. 7, 5, 7 Weissenb.—

To hold, have possession of, occupy, a place:

urbem Romam condidere atque habuere initio Trojani,

Sall. C. 6, 1:

qui mortales initio Africam habuerint,

id. J. 17, 7; 18, 1; cf.

Siciliam et Sardiniam per legatos habuit,

rule, administer, Flor. 4, 2, 22:

urbem Romanam a principio reges habuere,

Tac. A. 1, 1:

Hispaniae tribus legionibus habebantur,

id. ib. 4, 5; 12, 54.—

More freq. neutr., to dwell, live anywhere (perh. only ante-class.; in good prose habito is used instead): quae Corinthum arcem altam habetis, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 294 Vahl.):

ille geminus qui Syracusis habet,

Plaut. Men. prol. 69: quis istic habet? id. Bacch. 1, 2, 6:

ubi nunc adulescens habet?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 156:

apud aedem Junonis Lucinae, ubi aeditumus habere solet,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 50 Mull.; cf.:

situm formamque et universorum castrorum et partium, qua Poeni, qua Numidae haberent...specularentur,

Liv. 30, 4, 2 (but v. Weissenb. ad loc.).—

To spend, pass (time, etc.):

aetatem procul a republica,

Sall. C. 4, 1:

vitam,

id. ib. 51, 12 al.—

To have in one's mind, to know, be acquainted with:

siquidem istius regis (Anci) matrem habemus, ignoramus patrem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 18 fin.: habes consilia nostra;

nunc cognosce de Bruto,

there you have, such are, id. Att. 5, 21, 10:

habetis igitur primum ortum tyranni,

id. Rep. 2, 27:

habetis sermonem bene longum hominis,

id. de Or. 2, 88, 361; cf.

also: habes nostras sententias,

Suet. Claud. 4:

habes, quae fortissime de beata vita dici putem,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 28 fin.; cf. id. de Or. 2, 71, 291. —

To have as a habit, peculiarity, or characteristic:

habebat hoc omnino Caesar: quem plane perditum aere alieno egentemque cognorat, hunc in familiaritatem libentissime recipiebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 78; id. Pis. 32, 81.—

To hold, to make, do, perform, prepare, utter, pronounce, produce, cause:

alium quaerebam, iter hac habui,

made, directed, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 35; cf.:

ex urbe profectus iter ad legiones habebat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14, 3; so,

iter,

id. ib. 1, 51, 1; 3, 11, 2; 3, 106, 1; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 2:

vias,

Luc. 2, 439:

C. Cato contionatus est, comitia haberi non siturum, si, etc.,

to be held, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 6:

senatum,

id. ib. 2, 13, 3; id. Fam. 1, 4, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2, 1:

concilia,

id. B. G. 5, 53, 4:

contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 6:

censum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:

delectum (militum),

id. Phil. 5, 12, 31; id. Fam. 15, 1 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 1;

v. delectus: ludos,

Suet. Rhet. 1:

sermonem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; cf.:

orationem,

to deliver, id. Rep. 1, 46:

multis verbis ultro citroque habitis,

id. ib. 6, 9 fin.:

disputationem,

id. ib. 1, 7; Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 1:

dialogum,

Cic. Att. 2, 9, 1:

verba,

id. de Or. 2, 47, 190:

querelam de aliquo apud aliquem,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 1, § 2:

controversiam de fundo cum aliquo,

id. Fam. 13, 69, 2 et saep.:

deinde adventus in Syriam primus equitatus habuit interitum,

caused, occasioned, Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 9; cf. id. Div. 2, 46, 96:

latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23, 6.—

Habere in animo (or simply animo), with an objectclause, to have in mind, to intend, to be disposed, inclined to do any thing (=propositum habere, constituisse, decrevisse):

istum exheredare in animo habebat,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 52; id. Att. 1, 17, 11:

hoc (flumen) neque ipse transire in animo habebat neque hostes transituros existimabat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 5:

neque bello eum invadere animo habuit,

Liv. 44, 25, 1 dub (al. in animo), v. Drak. ad h. l.—

Habere sibi or secum aliquid, to keep to one's self (lit. and trop.):

clamare coeperunt, sibi ut haberet hereditatem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47:

per vindicationem his verbis legamus: DO LEGO, CAPITO, SUMITO, SIBI HABETO,

Ulp. Fragm. 24, 3; cf. ib. § 5; Gai. Inst. 2, 209.—So the formula used in divorces:

res tuas tibi habeas or habe,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 47; Sen. Suas. 1, § 7:

illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim tabulis,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69. —Comic. transf.:

apage sis amor: tuas tibi res habeto,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 32.— Trop.:

secreto hoc audi, tecum habeto, ne Apellae quidem liberto tuo dixeris,

Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 2:

verum haec tu tecum habeto,

id. Att. 4, 15, 6.—

Of a sweetheart, to have, to possess, enjoy:

postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit,

Verg. E. 1, 31; Tib. 1, 2, 65; Prop. 3, 8 (4, 7), 22:

duxi, habui scortum,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 6; Ter. And. 1, 1, 58: cum esset objectum, habere eum Laida;

habeo, inquit, non habeor a Laide,

Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2.—

Gladiatorial t. t., of a wounded combatant: hoc habet or habet, he has that (i. e. that stroke), he is hit:

desuper altus equo graviter ferit atque ita fatur: Hoc habet,

Verg. A. 12, 296; Prud. Psych. 53.—

Transf.:

hoc habet: reperi, qui senem ducerem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Rud. 4, 4, 99: egomet continuo mecum;

Certe captus est! Habet!

Ter. And. 1, 1, 56 (id est vulneratus est. Habet enim qui percussus est: et proprie de gladiatoribus dicitur, Don.).—Hence: hăbĭtus, a, um, P. a., held or kept in a certain condition, state, humor (ante-class.).

In gen.

Lit.: equus nimis strigosus et male habitus, Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11; v. in the foll.—

Trop.:

ut patrem tuum vidi esse habitum, diu etiam duras (lites) dabit,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22.—

In partic., physically, well kept, well conditioned, fleshy, corpulent:

corpulentior videre atque habitior,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 8:

si qua (virgo) est habitior paulo, pugilem esse aiunt, deducunt cibum,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 23: (censores) equum nimis strigosum et male habitum, sed equitem ejus uberrimum et habitissimum viderunt, etc., Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11.

bŏnus (old form dŭonus, Carm. Sall. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Mull.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 67 Mull.), a, um, adj. [for duonus, cf. bellum, bis, and cf. root dvi-; hence deidô, deos], good; comp. melior, us [cf. Gr. mala, mallon], better; sup. optimus ( optumus, ante-class. and often class.) [root opof ops, opes; cf. copia, apiscor], best.

Attributively.

As adjunct of nouns denoting persons.

Vir bonus.

A man morally good (kalos kagathos):

quoniam boni me viri pauperant, improbi alunt,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 60:

omnibus virtutibus instructos et ornatos tum sapientes, tum viros bonos dicimus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 28:

ille vir bonus qui... intolerabili dolore lacerari potius quam aut officium prodat aut fidem,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:

sive vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini, certe istum virum bonum non facile reperimus,

id. Off. 3, 15, 64:

qui se ita gerunt ut eorum probitas, fides, integritas, etc.... hos viros bonos... appellandos putemus,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

non intellegunt se de callido homine loqui, non de bono viro,

id. Att. 7, 2, 4:

ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior,

id. Lael. 2, 6; id. Leg. 1, 14, 41; 1, 18, 48; id. Planc. 4, 9; id. Par. 3, 1, 21; id. Marcell. 6, 20; id. Fam. 7, 21; id. Off. 2, 16, 57.—

An honest man:

justitia, ex qua viri boni nominantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 21; 1, 44, 155; 2, 11, 39; 2, 12, 42; 2, 20, 71;

3, 12, 50: cum is sponsionem fecisset ni vir bonus esset,

id. ib. 3, 19, 77:

quoniam Demosthenes nec vir bonus esset, nec bene meritus de civitate,

id. Opt. Gen. 7, 20; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116.—

A man of good standing in the community:

id viri boni arbitratu deducetur,

Cato, R. R. 143; so id. ib. 149:

tuam partem viri bono arbitratu... dari oportet,

Dig. 17, 1, [p. 244] 35;

37, 6, 2, § 2: quem voles virum bonum nominato,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55:

vir bonus est... quo res sponsore, et quo causae teste tenentur,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 40.—Hence, ironically of wealthy men:

praetores jus dicunt, aediles ludos parant, viri boni usuras perscribunt,

Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3.—

Ironically of bad men:

sed eccum lenonem Lycum, bonum virum,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 52; Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 9; 4, 3, 18; id. Ad. 3, 4, 30:

expectabam quinam isti viri boni testes hujus manifesto deprehensi veneni dicerentur,

Cic. Cael. 26, 63:

nam socer ejus, vir multum bonus est,

id. Agr. 3, 3, 13;

so especially in addresses (mostly comic.): age tu, illuc procede, bone vir!

Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 1; id. Curc. 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 4, 7, 48; id. Pers. 5, 2, 11; Ter. And. 3, 5, 10; 5, 2, 5; id. Ad. 4, 2, 17; id. Eun. 5, 2, 11:

quid tu, vir optime? Ecquid habes quod dicas?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104.—

Sometimes boni viri = boni, in the sense of optimates (v. I. A. 3.):

bonis viris quid juris reliquit tribunatus C. Gracchi?

Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20.—

As a conventional courtesy:

homines optimi non intellegunt, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:

bone accusator,

id. Rosc. Am. 21, 58:

sic illum amicum vocasti, quomodo omnes candidatos bonos viros dicimus,

gentlemen, Sen. Ep. 3, 1.—For bonus vir, a good husband, v. 3.; and for vir optimus, as a laudatory epithet, v. 5.—

Boni homines (rare) = boni, better classes of society, v. II. A. 3:

in foro infimo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14.—

With nouns denoting persons in regard to their functions, offices, occupations, and qualities, denoting excellence:

bonus consul,

Liv. 4, 40, 6; 22, 39, 2 (different: consules duos, bonos quidem, sed dumtaxat bonos, amisimus, consuls of good sentiments, almost = bad consuls, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 4):

boni tribuni plebis,

Cic. Phil. 1, 10, 25:

bonus senator,

id. Prov. Cons. 15, 37:

senator bonus,

id. Dom. 4, 8:

bonus judex,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 34:

bonus augur (ironically),

id. Phil. 2, 32, 80:

bonus vates,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 27:

bonus imperator,

Sall. C. 60, 4:

bonus dux,

Quint. 12, 1, 43 (cf. trop.:

naturam, optimam ducem,

the best guide, Cic. Sen. 2, 5):

bonus miles,

Sall. C. 60, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:

bonus orator,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

optimus orator,

id. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:

poeta bonus,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 11; 2, 46, 194; id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

scriptor bonus,

Quint. 10, 1, 104:

bonus advocatus,

id. 5, 13, 10:

bonus defensor,

id. 5, 13, 3:

bonus altercator,

a good debater, id. 6, 4, 10:

bonus praeceptor,

id. 5, 13, 44; 10, 5, 22:

bonus gubernator,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

optimus opifex,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 133:

sutor bonus,

id. ib. 1, 3, 125:

actor optimus,

Cic. Sest. 57, 122:

cantor optimus est modulator,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 130:

melior gladiator,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 33: agricola (colonus, dominus) bonus, Cato, R. R. prooem.; Cic. Sen. 16, 56:

bonus paterfamilias,

a thrifty head of the house, Nep. Att. 13, 1:

bonus servus,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 58; id. Am. 2, 1, 46; id. Men. 5, 6, 1; Cic. Mil. 22, 58:

dominus bonus,

Cato, R. R. 14:

bonus custos,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38.—Ironically, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57:

filius bonus,

Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 9:

patres,

Quint. 11, 3, 178:

parens,

id. 6, prooem. 4: bonus (melior, optimus), viz. a good husband, Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 sq.; Liv. 1, 9, 15:

uxor melior,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52:

amicus,

id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:

amicus optimus,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 18:

optimus testis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:

auctor, in two senses,

good authority, id. Att. 5, 12, 3;

and = bonus scriptor (post-class.),

Quint. 10, 1, 74.—Esp.:

bonus civis (rarely civis bonus): in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint: talem enim solemus et sentire bonum civem et dicere, Cic.-Off. 1, 34, 124: eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere,

id. ib. 2, 23, 83:

eum esse civem et fidelem et bonum,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2; 1, 9, 10; 3, 12, 1; 6, 6, 11; id. Off. 1, 44, 155; Liv. 22, 39, 3; Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 10 Dietsch:

optimus et fortissimus civis,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; id. Sest. 17, 39.—

Bonus and optimus as epithets of the gods.

In gen.:

sed te bonus Mercurius perdat,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 23:

fata... bonique divi,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 38:

divis orte bonis,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

O bone deus!

Scrib. Comp. 84 fin.: BONORVM DEORVM, Inscr. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 84: totidem, pater optime, dixi, Tu mihi da cives, referring to Jupiter, Ov. M. 7, 627.—

Optimus Maximus, a standing epithet of Jupiter:

(Juppiter) a majoribus nostris Optimus Maximus (nominatur), et quidem ante optimus, id est beneficentissimus, quam Maximus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64:

Jovem optimum et maximum ob eas res appellant, non quod, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 36, 87:

in templo Jovis Optimi Maximi,

id. Sest. 56, 129; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 22:

nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi,

id. Cat. 3, 9, 21; Liv. 1, 12, 7; id. 6, 16, 2.—

Di boni, O di boni, expressing indignation, sorrow, or surprise:

di boni, hunc visitavi antidhac!

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 16:

di boni, boni quid porto!

Ter. And. 2, 2, 1:

di boni, quid hoc morbi est,

id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 13; id. Ad. 3, 3, 86:

alter, O di boni, quam taeter incedebat!

Cic. Sest. 8, 19; id. Brut. 84, 288; id. Phil. 2, 8, 20; 2, 32, 80; id. Att. 1, 16, 5; 14, 21, 2; Val. Max. 3, 5, 1; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3.—

Bona Dea, etc., v. 6.—

Optimus as a laudatory epithet.

Vir optimus:

per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum inferre conantur,

Cic. Sest. 1, 2:

virum optimum et constantissimum M. Cispium,

id. ib. 35, 76:

fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum,

id. ib.:

consolabor hos praesentes, viros optimos,

id. Balb. 19, 44; id. Planc. 21, 51; 23, 55; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Marcell. 4, 10; id. Att. 5, 1, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 53.—

Femina bona, optima:

tua conjunx bona femina,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

hujus sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater,

id. ib. —

Senex, pater, frater, etc.:

optimus: parentes ejus, prudentissimi atque optimi senis,

Cic. Planc. 41, 97:

insuevit pater optimus hoc me,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 105; 2, 1, 12:

C. Marcelli, fratris optimi,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6 (8), 2; 2, 4, 2.—

With proper names ( poet.):

optimus Vergilius,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 54:

Maecenas optimus,

id. ib. 1, 5, 27:

optime Quinti,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 1.—

Esp. as an epithet of the Roman emperors:

quid tam civile, tam senatorium quam illud, additum a nobis Optimi cognomen?

Plin. Pan. 2, 7:

gratias, inquit, ago, optime Princeps!

Sen. Tranq. 14. 4:

ex epistula optimi imperatoris Antonini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 102; cf.:

bene te patriae pater optime Caesar,

Ov. F. 2, 637:

optime Romulae Custos gentis,

Hor. C. 4, 5, 1.—

Bonus and Bona, names of deities.

Bona Dea, the goddess of Chastity, whose temple could not be entered by males (cf. Macr. S. 1, 12; Lact. 1, 22):

Bonae Deae pulvinaribus,

Cic. Pis. 39, 95; id. Mil. 31, 86; id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; cf.

in mal. part.,

Juv. 2, 86 sq.; 6, 314 sq.; 6, 335 sq.—

Bonus Eventus, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.; Amm. 29, 6, 19; Inscr. Orell. 907; 1780 sq.—

Bona Fortuna:

si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 22:

Bonae Fortunae (signum),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7:

FORTVNAE BONAE DOMESTICAE,

Inscr. Orell. 1743 sq. —

Bona Spes:

Spes Bona, obsecro, subventa mihi,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 12:

BONAE SPEI,

Aug. Inscr. Grut. 1075, 1.—

BONA MENS, Inscr. Orell. 1818 sqq.:

Mens Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono,

Prop. 3, 24, 19.

With nouns denoting things.

Things concrete, denoting excellence:

navis bona dicitur non quae pretiosis coloribus picta est... sed stabilis et firma,

Sen. Ep. 76, 13:

gladium bonum dices, non cui auratus est balteus, etc., sed cui et ad secandum subtilis acies est, et, etc.,

id. ib. 76, 14:

id vinum erit lene et bono colore,

Cato, R. R. 109; Lucr. 2, 418; Ov. Am. 2, 7, 9:

tabulas... collocare in bono lumine,

Cic. Brut. 75, 261: ex quavis olea oleum... bonum fieri potest. Cato, R. R. 3:

per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato,

id. ib. 73; cf.:

bonae aquae, ironically compared to wine,

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 28:

praedium bonum caelum habeat,

good temperature, Cato, R. R. 1:

bona tempestate,

in good weather, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:

(praedium) solo bono valeat,

by good soil, Cato, R. R. 1:

bonae (aedes) cum curantur male,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 24:

villam bonam,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55:

bonus pons,

Cat. 17, 5:

scyphi optimi (= optime facti),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:

perbona toreumata,

id. ib. 2, 4, 18, §

38: bona domicilia,

comfortable residences, id. N. D. 2, 37, 95:

agrum Meliorem nemo habet,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:

fundum meliorem,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52: fundos optimos et fructuosissimos, id. Agr. 3, 4, 14:

equus melior,

id. Inv. 1, 31, 52:

bona cena,

Cat. 13, 3:

boni nummi,

good, not counterfeit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 144; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:

super omnia vultus accessere boni,

good looks, Ov. M. 8, 678:

mulier bona forma,

of a fine form, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 13:

equus formae melioris,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 52:

tam bona cervix, simul ac jussero, demetur,

fine, beautiful, Suet. Calig. 33:

fruges bonae,

Cat. 34, 19:

ova suci melioris,

of better flavor, Hor. S. 2, 4, 13.— Trop.:

animus aequus optimum est aerumnae condimentum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71: bona dextra, a lucky hand (cf.:

bonum omen, 2. e.),

Quint. 6, 3, 69:

scio te bona esse voce, ne clama nimis,

good, sound, loud voice, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 43; so,

bona firmaque vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 13.—

Things abstract.

Of physical well-being:

ut si qui neget sine bona valetudine posse bene vivi,

Cic. Inv. 1, 51, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 2; Lucr. 3, 102; Val. Max. 2, 5, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 2, 35 et saep.:

non bonus somnus de prandio est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:

bona aetas,

prime of life, Cic. Sen. 14, 48:

optima aetate,

id. Fam. 10, 3, 3.—Ironically:

bona, inquis, aetate, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 76, 1.—

Of the mind and soul:

meliore esse sensu,

Cic. Sest. 21, 47:

optima indoles,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

bona conscientia,

Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 5:

bono ingenio me esse ornatam quam auro multo mavolo,

with a good heart, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 91; id. Stich. 1, 21, 59; Sall. C. 10, 5:

mens melior,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 78; Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13; Liv. 39, 16, 5; Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 4; id. Ep. 10, 4; Pers. 2, 8; Petr. 61.—Personified, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 19; Ov. Am. 1, 2, 31:

duos optimae indolis filios,

Val. Max. 5, 7, 2; Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 6; Quint. 1, 2, 5:

bonum consilium,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 6; id. Rud. 4, 3, 18; Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:

bona voluntas,

a good purpose, Quint. 12, 11, 31:

memoria bona,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

bona ratio cum perdita... confligit,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

bonae rationes,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 50:

pronuntiatio bona,

Auct. Her. 3, 15, 27.—

Of moral relations:

ego si bonam famam mihi servasso, sat ero dives,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 71; Cic. Sest. 66, 139; Liv. 6, 11, 7; Hor. S. 1, 2, 61 (cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1;

v. e. infra): si ego in causa tam bona cessi tribuni plebis furori,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36; id. Planc. 36, 87; Ov. M. 5, 220:

fac, sis, bonae frugi sies,

of good, regular habits, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 35; id. Cas. 2, 4, 5; 2, 5, 19; id. Ps. 1, 5, 53; id. Truc. 1, 1, 13; id. Capt. 5, 2, 3 sq. (v. frux, II. B. 1. b.): vilicus disciplina bona utatur. Cato, R. R. 5:

bona studia,

moral pursuits, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:

quidquid vita meliore parasti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 15: ad spem mortis melioris, an honorable death; so as an epithet of religious exercises:

Juppiter, te bonas preces precor,

Cato, R. R. 134; 139.—

Of external, artistic, and literary value and usefulness:

bono usui estis nulli,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

Optumo optume optumam operam das,

id. Am. 1, 1, 122:

bonam dedistis mihi operam,

a valuable service to me, id. Poen. 2, 3, 70; 3, 6, 11; id. Pers. 4, 7, 11; id. Rud. 3, 6, 11 (in a different sense: me bona opera aut mala Tibi inventurum esse auxilium argentarium, by fair or unfair means, id. Ps. 1, 1, 102;

v. e. infra): optima hereditas a patribus traditur liberis... gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum,

Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:

bonum otium,

valuable leisure, Sall. C. 4, 1:

bonis versibus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:

versus meliores,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 81:

meliora poemata,

Hor. A. P. 303:

in illa pro Ctesiphonte oratione longe optima,

Cic. Or. 8, 26:

optimas fabulas,

id. Off. 1, 31, 114:

melius munus,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 7.—

Favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate:

de Procilio rumores non boni,

unfavorable rumors, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 5:

bona de Domitio, praeclara de Afranio fama est,

about their success in the war, id. ib. 7, 26, 1:

si fuisset in discipulo comparando meliore fortuna,

id. Pis. 29, 71; cf.

fortuna optima esse,

to be in the best pecuniary circumstances, id. ad Brut. 1, 1, 2:

occasio tam bona,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:

senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulesoens cum, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 19, 68; id. Fam. 4, 32:

bona navigatio,

id. N. D. 3, 34, 83;

esp. in phrase bona spes.—Object.: ergo in iis adulescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus et magnam indolem quos, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117.—Subject.:

ego sum spe bona,

Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 3; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; [p. 245] id. Att. 14, 1 a, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 16:

optima spe,

id. Fam. 12, 11, 2.—Pregn., = spes bonarum rerum, Sall. C. 21, 1;

v. C. 1. c. infra: meliora responsa,

more favorable, Liv. 7, 21, 6:

melior interpretatio,

Tac. H. 3, 65:

cum laude et bonis recordationibus,

id. A. 4, 38:

amnis Doctus iter melius,

i. e. less injurious, Hor. A. P. 68:

omen bonum,

a good, lucky omen, Cic. Pis. 13, 31; cf.

Liv. praef. § 13: melius omen,

Ov. F. 1, 221;

optimum,

Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2:

bona scaeva,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 24:

auspicio optumo,

id. ib. 3, 2, 6; cf.:

memini bene, sed meliore Tempore dicam = opportuniore tempore,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 68.—

Of public affairs, si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, Cic. Mil. 34, 93:

optima res publica,

id. Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

minus bonis temporibus,

id. Dom. 4, 8; so,

optimis temporibus,

id. Sest. 3, 6:

nostrae res meliore loco videbantur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 3, 1:

lex optima,

id. Pis. 16, 37; id. Sest. 64, 137; id. Phil, 1, 8, 19.—

Good = large, considerable:

bono atque amplo lucro,

Plaut. Am. prol. 6:

bona librorum copia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 109; cf.:

bona copia cornu,

Ov. M. 9, 88; v. bona pars, C. 8. g.—

Noble; with genus, good family, noble extraction, honorable birth: quali me arbitraris genere prognatum? Eu. Bono, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 35; so id. Ep. 1, 2, 4; 2, 1, 3; id. Pers. 4, 4, 94:

si bono genere natus sit,

Auct. Her. 3, 7, 13.—

Referring to good-will, kindness, faithfulness, in certain phrases.

Bona venia or cum bona venia, with the kind permission of a person addressed, especially bona venia orare, expetere, etc.:

primum abs te hoc bona venia expeto,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 31:

bona tua venia dixerim,

Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:

oravit bona venia Quirites, ne, etc.,

Liv. 7, 41, 3:

obsecro vos.. bona venia vestra liceat, etc.,

id. 6, 40, 10:

cum bona venia quaeso audiatis, etc.,

id. 29, 17, 6; Arn. c. Gent. 1, p. 5; cf.

. sed des veniam bonus oro = venia bona oro,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 5.—

Bona pax, without quarrelling:

bona pax sit potius,

let us have no quarrel about that, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 7;

so especially cum bona pace, or bona pace: Hannibal ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium... pervenit,

without a difficulty with the inhabitants, Liv. 21, 32, 6; 21, 24, 5; 1, 24, 3; 28, 37, 4; 8, 15, 1; cf.: si bonam (pacem) dederitis, = a fair peace, under acceptable conditions, id. 8, 21, 4.—

Amicitia bona = bona fide servata, faithful, undisturbed friendship:

igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit,

Sall. J. 5, 5.—

Bona societas, alliance:

Segestes, memoria bonae societatis, impavidus,

Tac. A. 1, 58.

In particular phrases.

Bonae res.

= Vitae commoda, comforts of life, abstract or concrete:

concedatur bonis rebus homines morte privari,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87:

optimis rebus usus est,

he had every most desirable thing, Nep. Att. 18, 1.—

= Res secundae, opp. res adversae, prosperity:

bonis rebus tuis, meas irrides malas,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45:

in bonis rebus,

Hor. C. 2, 3, 2. —

Res bona = res familiaris bona, wealth ( poet.): in re bona esse, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4.—Also an object of value:

homines quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,

who had no property, nor the hope of any, Sall. C. 21, 1. —

Costly things, articles of luxury:

capere urbem in Arabia plenam bonarum rerum,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 46; 4, 4, 82:

nimium rei bonae,

id. Stich. 2, 3, 55:

ignorantia bonarum rerum,

Nep. Ages. 8, 5 ' bonis rebus gaudere, Hor. S. 2, 6, 110:

re bona copiosum esse,

Gell. 16, 19, 7.—

Moral, morally good:

illi cum res non bonas tractent,

Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 72:

ut de virtutibus et vitiis, omninoque de bonis rebus et malis quaererent,

id. ib. 1, 4, 15:

quid habemus in rebus bonis et malis explorati?

id. ib. 2, 42, 129; so id. Or. 1, 10, 42; id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:

quae tamen omnia dulciora fuint et moribus bonis et artibus,

id. Sen. 18, 65.—

In literary composition, important or interesting matter, subjects, or questions:

res bonas verbis electis dictas quis non legat?

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8:

studiis generorum, praesertim in re bona,

Plaut. Am. 8, 26.—

Bonae artes.

A good, laudable way of dealing:

qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae famam quaerit,

Sall. C. 2, 9:

huic bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,

id. ib. 11, 2:

quod is bonarum artium cupiens erat,

Tac. A. 6, 46.—

Liberal arts and sciences:

litteris aut ulli bonae arti,

Quint. 12, 1, 7:

conservate civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum,

Cic. Sest. 32, 77. —Esp.:

optimae artes: optimarum artium scientia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 4; id. Ac. 2, 1, 1; id. Cael. 10, 24; id. Marcell. 1, 4.—

Bona fides, or fides bona.

Good faith, i. e. conscious honesty in acts or words: qui nummos fide bona solvit, who pays (the price of labor) in good faith, i. e. as it is honestly earned, Cato, R. R. 14:

dic, bona fide, tu id aurum non subripuisti?

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46; 4, 10, 47; id. Capt. 4, 2, 111; id. Most. 3, 1, 137; id. Poen. 1, 3, 30; id. Pers. 4, 3, 16; id. Ps. 4, 6, 33:

si tibi optima fide omnia concessit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144; Quint. 10, 3, 23.—Hence, bonae fidei vir, a conscientious man, Quint. 10, 7, 1.—

Jurid. t. t.

Good faith in contracts and legal acts in general, opposed to dolus malus, honesty and fairness in dealing with another:

ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere, notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 67.—Hence, alienam rem bona fide emere, to buy, believing the seller to be the rightful owner, Dig. 41, 3, 10; 41, 3, 13, § 1. bonae fidei possessor (also possessio), believing that he is the rightful owner, ib. 5, 3, 25, § 11; 5, 3, 22; 41, 3, 15, § 2;

41, 3, 24: conventio contra bonam fidem et mores bonos,

ib. 16, 31, § 7: bonam fidem praestare, to be responsible for one ' s good faith, ib. 17, 1, 10 prooem.—Hence,

Bonae fidei actiones or judicia, actions in equity, i. e. certain classes of actions in which the strict civil law was set aside by the praetorian edict in favor of equity:

actiones quaedam bonae fidei sunt, quaedam stricti juris. Bonae fidei sunt haec: exempto vendito, locato conducto, etc.,

Just. Inst. 4, 6, 28, § 19.—In the republican time the praetor added in such actions to his formula for the judex the words ex fide bona, or, in full:

quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66:

iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, et sine lege, judiciis in quibus additur ex fide bona,

id. ib. 3, 15, 61; cf. id. ib. 3, 17, 70.—

Bona verba.

Kind words:

Bona verba quaeso,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 33.—

Words of good omen (v. omen):

dicamus bona verba,

Tib. 2, 2, 1:

dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero,

Ov. F. 2, 638.—

Elegant or well-chosen expressions:

quid est tam furiosum quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis,

Cic. Or. 1, 12, 51:

verborum bonorum cursu,

id. Brut. 66, 233:

omnia verba sunt alicubi optima,

Quint. 10, 1, 9.—

Moral sayings:

non est quod contemnas bona verba et bonis cogitationibus plena praecordia,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 1. —

Bona dicta.

Polite, courteous language:

hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit leniter dictis bonis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 25.—

Witticisms ( bon-mots): flammam a sapiente facilius ore in ardente opprimi, quam bona dicta teneat, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 2, 54, 222:

dico unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus quibus solebam menstruales epulas ante adipiscier,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 22:

ibo intro ad libros ut discam de dictis melioribus,

id. Stich. 2, 3, 75.—

Bona facta.

= bene facta (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.), laudable deeds:

nobilitas ambobus et majorum bona facta (sc. erant),

Tac. A. 3, 40.—

Bonum factum est, colloq., = bene est, bene factum est (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.):

bonum factum est, ut edicta servetis mea,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 16:

haec imperata quae sunt pro imperio histrico, bonum hercle factum (est) pro se quisque ut meminerit,

id. ib. 45.— Hence,

Elliptically, introducing commands which cannot be enforced, = if you will do so, it will be well:

peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est: bonum factum, ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit,

Suet. Caes. 80:

et Chaldaeos edicere: bonum factum, ne Vitellius... usquam esset,

id. Vit. 14:

hac die Carthaginem vici: bonum factum, in Capitolium eamus, et deos supplicemus,

Aur. Vict. 49; cf.:

o edictum, cui adscribi non poterit bonum factum,

Tert. Pud. 1.—

Bona gratia.

A friendly understanding:

cur non videmus inter nos haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala?

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17; so,

per gratiam bonam abire,

to part with good feelings, Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 33.—In jest: sine bona gratia abire, of things cast away, Plaut Truc. 2, 7, 15.—

Pleon., in the phrase bonam gratiam habere, = gratiam habere, to thank (v. B. 2. k.), Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 32; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 99.—

Bona pars.

The well-disposed part of a body of persons:

ut plerumque fit, major pars (i. e. of the senate) meliorem vicit,

Liv. 21, 4, 1:

pars melior senatus ad meliora responsa trahere,

id. 7, 21, 6.—

The good party, i. e. the optimates (gen. in plur.):

civem bonarum partium,

Cic. Sest. 32, 77:

(fuit) meliorum partium aliquando,

id. Cael. 6, 13:

qui sibi gratiam melioris partis velit quaesitam,

Liv. 2, 44, 3.—Paronom.: (Roscius) semper partium in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum, i. e. party and part in a drama, Cic. Sest. 56, 120.—

Of things or persons, a considerable part (cf. a good deal):

bonam partem ad te adtulit,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 43:

bonam partem sermonis in hunc diem esse dilatam,

Cic. Or. 2, 3, 14:

bonam magnamque partem exercitus,

Val. Max. 5, 2, ext. 4:

bona pars noctium,

Quint. 12, 11, 19:

bona pars hominum,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 61:

meae vocis... bona pars,

id. C. 4, 2, 46; so id. A. P. 297; Ov. P. 1, 8, 74:

melior pars diei,

Verg. A. 9, 156.—

Rarely, and mostly eccl. Lat.: optima pars, the best part or lot:

nostri melior pars animus est,

Sen. Q. N. 1, prooem. § 14; cf.:

quae pars optima est in homine,

best, most valuable, Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:

major pars aetatis, certe melior reipublicae data sit,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 1:

Maria optimam partem elegit, quae non auferetur ab ea,

Vulg. Luc. 10, 42.—

Adverb.:

bonam partem = ex magna parte,

Lucr. 6, 1249.—

Aliquem in optimam partem cognoscere, to know somebody from his most favorable side, Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46: aliquid in optimam partem accipere, to take something in good part, interpret it most favorably:

Caesar mihi ignoscit quod non venerim, seseque in optimam partem id accipere dicit,

id. Att. 10, 3 a, 2; id. ad Brut. 1, 2, 3:

quaeso ut hoc in bonam partem accipias,

id. Rosc. Am. 16, 45.—

Dies bonus or bona.

A day of good omen, a fortunate day (= dies laetus, faustus):

tum tu igitur die bono, Aphrodisiis, addice, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 49:

nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die,

Ov. F. 1, 72.—

A beautiful, serene day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 3.—

Bonus mos.

Boni mores, referring to individuals, good, decent, moral habits:

nihil est amabilius quam morum similitudo bonorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 17, 56:

nam hic nimium morbus mores invasit bonos,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 6:

domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

propter ejus suavissimos et optimos mores,

Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13:

cum per tot annos matronae optimis moribus vixerint,

Liv. 34, 6, 9:

mores meliores,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 18.—

Bonus mos or boni mores, in the abstract, morality, the laws, rules of morality: ei vos morigerari mos bonu'st, it is a rule of morality that you should, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:

ex optimo more et sanctissima disciplina,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:

neglegentia boni moris,

Sen. Ep. 97, 1.—Jurid. t. t.:

conventio, mandatum contra bonos mores,

in conflict with morality, Quint. 3, 1, 57; Dig. 16, 3, 1, § 7; Gai. Inst. 3, 157 et saep. —

Adverbial phrases.

Bono animo esse, or bonum animum habere.

To be of good cheer or courage:

bono animo es! Liberabit ille te homo,

Plaut. Merc 3, 1, 33; so id. Aul. 4, 10, 61; id. Mil. 4, 8, 32; id. Rud. 3, 3, 17; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18; id. Ad. 2, 4, 20; 3, 5, 1; 4, 2, 4; 4, 5, 62; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 72:

animo bono es,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; id. Am. 2, 2, 48; 5, 2, 1:

bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, et fiscinam expedi,

Varr. R. R. 1, 26:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 6, 10, 29:

bono animo esse jubere eam consul,

Liv. 39, 13, 7:

habe modo bonum animum,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 58; so id. Am. 1, 3, 47; id. Truc. 2, 6, 44; id. Aul. 2, 2, 15:

habe animum bonum,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 1; 4, 2, 31:

bonum animum habe,

Liv. 45, 8, 5:

clamor ortus ut bonum animum haberet,

id. 8, 32, 1; so Sen. Ep. 87, 38.—

Bono animo esse, or facere aliquid, to be of a good or friendly disposition, or to do with good, honest intentions:

audire jubet vos imperator histricus, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis qui, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 5: sunt enim (consules) [p. 246] optimo animo, summo consilio, of the best disposition, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 2:

bono te animo tum populus Romanus... dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed, etc.,

id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56:

quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6; Quint. 7, 4, 15.—

Bonus animus, good temper, patience:

bonus animus in mala re dimidium mali est,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 37:

vos etiam hoc animo meliore feratis,

Ov. M. 9, 433.—

Bono modo.

= placide, with composure, moderation:

si quis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet,

Cato, R. R. 5:

haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia, mihi autem bono modo, tantum quantum videbitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137.—

In a decent manner:

neu quisquam prohibeto filium quin amet... quod bono fiat modo,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 62. —

Jure optimo or optimo jure, with good, perfect right:

te ipse jure optumo incuses licet,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23; id. Rud. 2, 6, 53:

ut jure optimo me deserere posses,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6; Sen. Ot. Sap. 2 (29), 2.—With pass. or intr. verb, deservedly:

ne jure optimo irrideamur,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 151; id. Marcell. 1, 4;

similarly, optimo judicio,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 2.

As subst.

bŏnus, boni, m.; of persons.

In sing. or plur. orig. = bonus vir, boni viri; v. I. A. 1. a. b, supra, a morally good man.

Plur.:

bonis quod bene fit haud perit,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 2; id. Capt. 2, 2, 108; id. Trin. 2, 1, 55; id. Pers. 4, 5, 2:

melius apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari puto,

Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71:

verum esse ut bonos boni diligant, quamobrem... bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam (esse) benevolentiam,

id. Lael. 14, 50:

diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra... habere,

Sall. C. 52, 13; 7, 2; 52, 22:

oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 52:

tam bonis quam malis conduntur urbes,

Sen. Ben. 4, 28, 4; so id. Vit. Beat. 15, 6; Quint. 9, 2, 76.—Rarely bŏnae, arum, f., good women:

quia omnes bonos bonasque adcurare addecet, etc.,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 41.—

Sing.:

malus bonum malum esse volt ut sit sui similis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 8:

nec enim cuique bono mali quidquam evenire potest,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99; cf.:

qui meliorem audax vocet in jus,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 29.—

Bonus, a man of honor.

A brave man:

pro qua (patria) quis bonus dubitet mortem oppetere si ei sit profuturus?

Cic. Off. 1, 17, 57:

libertatem quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittat,

Sall. C. 33, 5:

fortes creantur fortibus et bonis,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 29 (opp. ignavi):

fama impari boni atque ignavi erant,

Sall. J. 57, 6; 53, 8; id. C. 11, 2. —

A gentleman:

quis enim umquam, qui paululum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras ad se ab amico missas... in medium protulit?

Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 7.—

Boni, the better (i. e. higher) classes of society.

In gen. (of political sentiments, = optimates, opp. populares, seditiosi, perditi cives, etc.;

so usu. in Cic.): meam causam omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38:

audaces homines et perditi nutu impelluntur... boni, nescio quomodo, tardiores sunt, etc.,

id. ib. 47, 100:

ego Kal. Jan. senatum et bonos omnes legis agrariae... metu liberavi,

id. Pis. 2, 4:

etenim omnes boni, quantum in ipsis fuit, Caesarem occiderunt,

id. Phil. 2, 13, 29; id. Fam. 5, 2, 8; 5, 21, 2; id. Sest. 2, 5; 16, 36; 48, 103; id. Planc. 35, 86; id. Mil. 2, 5; id. Off. 2. 12, 43:

maledictis increpat omnes bonos,

Sall. C. 21, 4; 19, 2; 33, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 22; so,

optimi,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 37; and, ironically, boni identified with the rich:

bonorum, id est lautorum et locupletum,

id. Att. 8, 1, 3.—

Without reference to political views;

opp. vulgus (rare): nihil ego istos moror fatuos mores quibus boni dedecorant se,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 22:

semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident,

Sall. C. 37, 3:

elatus est sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia,

Nep. Att. 22, 2.—So, mĕlĭōres, um, m., one ' s betters:

ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 13:

da locum melioribus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 37.—

Boni, bone, in addresses, as an expression of courtesy, Hor. S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 6, 51; 2, 6, 95; id. Ep. 2, 2, 37; ironice, id. S. 2, 3, 31.—

Optimus quisque = quivis bonus, omnes boni.

Referring to morality:

esse aliquid natura pulcrum quod optimus quisque sequeretur,

every good man, Cic. Sen. 13, 43:

qui ita se gerebant ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur,

id. Sest. 45, 96; id. Off. 1, 43, 154; id. Fin. 1, 7, 24; id. Sest. 54, 115; and = even the best:

quare deus optimum quemque mala valetudine adficit?

Sen. Prov. 4, 8.—

Of the educated classes:

adhibenda est quaedam reverentia adversus homines, et optimi cujusque et reliquorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 28, 99; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 85:

Catilina plerisque consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, litteras mittit,

Sall. C. 34, 2:

optimo cuique infesta libertas,

Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 2 (32 fin.).—

Honorable, brave:

optumus quisque cadere et sauciari, ceteris metus augeri,

Sall. J. 92, 8.—

In gen., excellent:

optimus quisque facere quam dicere... malebat,

Sall. C. 8, 5.—

Distributively:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

to the best man in each instance, Sall. C. 2, 6.—

Referring to another superlative ( = quo quisque melior eo magis, etc.):

hic aditus laudis qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; so id. Lael. 4, 14; id. Inv. 2, 11, 36; Sen. Vit. Beat. 18, 1.—

Attributively, with a noun:

optimam quamque causam,

Cic. Sest. 43, 93:

optima quaeque dies,

Verg. G. 3, 66.

bŏnum, i, n., plur. bona; mĕlĭus, ōris, n.; optĭmum, i, n. (v. infra); of things in gen.

Bonum, or plur. bona, a good, or goods in a moral and metaphysical sense, a moral good, a blessing: sunt autem hae de finibus defensae sententiae: nihil bonum nisi honestum, ut Stoici; nihil bonum nisi voluptatem, ut Epicurus;

nihil bonum nisi vacuitatem doloris, ut Hieronymus... tria genera bonorum, maxima animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia, ut Peripatetici, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 84 sq.:

quid est igitur bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri vere dicitur, et quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum,

id. Par. 1, 1, 9:

ut quis intellegat, quid sit illud simplex et verum bonum quod non possit ab honestate sejungi,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 7:

non-est igitur voluptas bonum,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 39: finis bonorum et malorum (telos agathôn) = summa bona et mala:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne pervertant. Nam qui summum bonum sic instituit ut, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5; cf. id. Par. 1, 3, 14; id. Ac. 2, 9, 29; 2, 36, 114; 2, 42, 129; id. Fin. 1, 9, 29; 1, 12, 42; id. Tusc. 4, 31, 66; Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 5; id. Ep. 117, 1 et saep.—

Bonum, what is valuable, beneficial, estimable, favorable, pleasant, physically or mentally:

quoi boni Tantum adfero quantum ipsus a diis optat,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:

multa bona vobis volt facere,

will do you much good, id. Poen. 5, 4, 60; id. Am. prol. 43, 49; id. Pers. 4, 8, 4; 2, 3, 14; id. Cas. 2, 8, 32:

tum demum nostra intellegemus bona quom ea amisimus,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 33:

multa tibi di dent bona,

id. Poen. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; id. Mil. 3, 1, 120; id. Men. 3, 3, 34; id. Pers. 4, 3, 23; id. Truc. 1, 2, 23; id. Merc. 1, 2, 40; id. Most. 1, 1, 47:

omnia Bona dicere,

to speak in the highest terms of one, Ter. And. 1, 1, 70:

sed ne vivus quidem bono caret, si eo non indiget,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

cum quaecumque bona Peripateticis, eadem Stoicis commoda viderentur,

id. ib. 5, 41, 120:

nihil enim boni nosti,

nothing that is good for any thing, id. Phil. 2, 7, 16:

mala pro bonis legere dementia est,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 6, 1; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3 fin.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 73:

quia bonum sit valere,

a good thing, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62 (cf. III. A. 5. infra):

melius: quo quidem haud scio an... quidquam melius sit homini a dis immortalibus datum,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

meliora... Aristotelem de istis rebus scripsisse,

id. Or. 1, 10, 43:

optimum: difficillimum est formam exponere optimi,

id. ib. 11, 36.— Here belongs the phrase boni consulere;

v. consulo.—So after prepositions: in bonum vertere, v. under verto: in melius ire,

to change for the better, Tac. A. 12, 68.—In the same sense: in melius aliquid referre, or reflectere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 281; 11, 426; 10, 632:

ad melius transcurrere,

to pass over to something better, Hor. S. 2, 2, 82.—

Bonum or bona, prosperity:

fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 58:

nulli est homini perpetuum bonum,

id. Curc. 1, 3, 33:

unā tecum bona, mala tolerabimus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 23:

quibus in bonis fuerint et nunc quibus in malis sint, ostenditur ( = in secundis, in adversis rebus),

Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 107.—

Good qualities, gifts:

omnia adsunt bona, quem penes'st virtus,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 30:

magnis illi et divinis bonis hanc licentiam adsequebantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:

nisi qui se suā gravitate et castimoniā... tum etiam naturali quodam bono defenderet, etc.,

id. Cael. 5, 11:

hunc meā sententiā divinis quibusdam bonis instructum atque ornatum puto,

id. ib. 17, 39:

non intellego quod bonum cuiquam sit apud tales viros profuturum,

id. Balb. 28, 63:

gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono,

id. Marcell. 6, 19; so id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—

Advantage, benefit:

si plus adipiscare, re explicatā, boni, quam addubitatā mali,

Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:

saepe cogitavi bonine an mali plus adtulerit... eloquentiae studium,

id. Inv. 1, 1, 1; 2, 35, 106; id. Off. 2, 2, 5; id. Sest. 10, 24:

maximum bonum in celeritate ponebat,

Sall. C. 43, 4; so, bono publico (abl.), for the public good:

hoc ita si fit, publico fiat bono,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 183; Liv. 2, 44, 3; Dig. 41, 3, 1.—

With aequum, what is fair and good, the fair ( thing), fairness, equity:

si bonum aequomque oras,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 149; so id. Pers. 3, 1, 71; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Men. 4, 2, 11:

si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 29; id. Ad. 1, 1, 39:

a quo vivo nec praesens nec absens quidquam aequi bonique impetravit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 94.—Hence, aequo et bono, or ex aequo et bono, in ( with) fairness, in equity, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 30; Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14; 2, 12, 18; 2, 13, 20; Gai. Inst. 3, 137: aequi bonique, as gen. of value, with facere:

istuc, Chreme, Aequi bonique facio,

I place a fair and proper value on it, Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40.—

Bona, one ' s property, fortunes, almost always denoting the whole of one's possessions.

In gen.:

paterna oportet reddi filio bona,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 120:

bona sua med habiturum omnia,

id. Truc. 2, 4, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 6; 4, 2, 29; id. Rud. 2, 6, 22; id. Most. 1, 3, 77; id. Trin. 4, 4, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 4:

bona mea diripiebantur atque ad consulem deferebantur,

Cic. Sest. 24, 54:

cum de capite, civis et de bonis proscriptio ferretur,

id. ib. 30, 65:

bona, fortunas, possessiones omnium,

id. Caecin. 13, 38:

at mulctantur bonis exsules,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106; id. Off. 2, 23, 81; id. Par. 1, 1, 7; id. Sest. 19, 42; 43, 94; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; Caes. B. G. 7, 3; Liv. 2, 3, 5; 2, 5, 5; 4, 15, 8; Tac. A. 2, 48; Quint. 6, 1, 19 et saep.—

Bonorum possessio, the possession of one ' s property by another.

Bonorum possessio in consequence of bonorum cessio, i. e. an assignment of one ' s property for the benefit of creditors, Dig. 42, tit. 3.—

Bonorum possessio granted by the prætor against a contumacious or insolvent debtor (in bona mittere, in bona ire jubere, bona possidere jubere, etc.); cf. Dig. 42, tit. 4:

postulat a Burrieno Naevius ut ex edicto bona possidere liceat,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25, and the whole of c. 8:

edixit... neu quis militis... bona possideret aut venderet,

Liv. 2, 24, 6:

bona proscribere,

to offer the property thus transferred for sale, Cic. Quint. 6, 25.—

Chiefly referring to the property of a defunct person (hereditas), where the prætor, till the heir had proved his right, granted a bonorum possessio secundum tabulas or contra tabulas, Dig. 37, tit. 4; 37, tit. 11.—

In bonis esse;

with reference to the older civil law, which distinguished between civil property (habere rem ex jure Quiritium) and natural property (rem in bonis habere, res in bonis est),

Gai. Inst. 2, 40, 41; Dig. 40, 12, 38, § 2; 37, 6, 2, § 1; 37, 6, 3, § 2; ib. Fragm. 1, 16; Gai. Inst. 1, 22; 1, 35; 1, 222; 1, 167; Dig. 1, 8, 1; 27, 10, 10:

neque bonorum possessorum, neque... res pleno jure fiunt, sed in bonis efficiuntur,

ib. Fragm. 3, 80.—Hence, nullam omnino arbitrabamur de eā hereditate controversiam eum habiturum, et est hodie in bonis, i. e. [p. 247] the bonorum possessio has been granted to him, which did not give full ownership, but effected only that the hereditas was in bonis. Cic. Fam. 13, 30, 1.

Predicative use.

With nouns or pronouns as subjects.

Bonum esse, to be morally good, honest:

nunc mihi bonae necessum est esse ingratiis, Quamquam esse nolo,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 82:

bonam ego quam beatam me esse nimio dici mavolo,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 93; so id. Capt. 2, 1, 44; id. Men. 4, 2, 6; id. Rud. prol. 29:

itaque viros fortes magnanimos eosdem, bonos et simplices... esse volumus,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; cf. id. ib. 3, 21, 84; id. Att. 15, 6, 1:

Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat,

Sall. C. 54, 5:

ut politiora, non ut meliora fiant ingenia,

Val. Max. 5, 4, ext. 5 fin. —

To be beneficial, prosperous, advantageous, valuable, favorable, serviceable, correct, with reference to both persons and things as subjects, and in regard to physical and mental relations:

jam istuc non bonumst,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 29; Cato, R. R. 157:

oleum viridius et melius fiet,

id. ib. 3:

vinum ut alvum bonam faciat,

to correct the bowels, id. ib. 156:

quid est homini salute melius?

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 127:

non optuma haec sunt, verum meliora quam deterruma,

id. Trin. 2, 3, 1:

quid est quod huc possit quod melius sit accedere?

Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 41; 1, 18, 57; id. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:

in quo (vestitu), sicut in plerisque rebus, mediocritas optima est,

id. Off. 1, 36, 130; 2, 17, 59; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Or. 2, 6; 11, 36:

meliorem tamen militem... in futura proelia id certamen fecit,

Liv. 2, 51, 3:

parvus ut est cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor,

Lucr. 4, 181; 4, 191:

si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 34.—So in the optative formula:

quod bonum, faustum, felixque sit,

Liv. 1, 28, 7; 1, 17, 10; 39, 15, 1; 3, 54;

3, 34.—Also, quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 50;

and with a noun as subject: ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix, fortunataque evenat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3.—

To be kind:

bonus cum probis'st (erus), malus cum malis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 22:

hic si vellet bonus ac benignus Esse,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 52.—

With reference to the gods:

ecastor ambae (Fortuna et Salus sunt bonae,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 129:

Palladis aut oculos ausa negare bonos (esse),

Prop. 3, 24, 12 (2, 28, 12).—

Bonum est (very rare for the class. bene est; v. bene).

Without a subject:

bonum sit!

may it be fortunate, favorable! Verg. E. 8, 106.—

With subject inf.:

nam et stulte facere, et stulte fabularier in aetate haud bonum est,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 61:

bonum est pauxillum amare, insane non bonum est,

id. Curc. 1, 3,20.—

Melius est.

With subject inf.:

melius sanam est mentem sumere,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 51:

nihil sentire est melius quam tam prava sentire,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125; cf. id. Fin. 1, 19, 62; id. Off. 1, 43, 156; so,

melius fuit, fuisset, or fuerat,

it would have been better, id. N. D. 3, 33; id. Sen. 23, 82; id. Off. 3, 25, 94:

proinde quiesse erit melius,

Liv. 3, 48, 3; 3, 41, 3; Verg. A. 11, 303.—

With subject inf.-clause:

meliu'st te quae sunt mandata tibi praevortier,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 125; id. Men. 5, 9, 32.—

With ut-clause:

quid melius quam ut hinc intro abeam et me suspendam clanculum,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 145; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 18.—

With subjectclause in the subjunctive:

nunc quid mihi meliu'st quam ilico hic opperiar erum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 22.—

Optimum est.

With subject inf.:

optimum visum est, captivos quam primum deportare,

Liv. 23, 34, 8:

si quis dicit optimum esse navigare,

Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 4 (32 fin.); so, optimum fuit, it would have been better, and optimum erat, it would be better, Quint. 6, prooem. 3; 11, 2, 33; Hor. S. 2, 1, 7.—

With inf.-clause:

constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti,

Caes. B. G. 2, 10: optimum visum est, in fluctuantem aciem tradi equos, etc., Liv 6, 24, 10; 22, 27, 6.—

With ut and subj:

hoc vero optimum, ut is qui, etc., id ultimum bonorum, id ipsum quid et quale sit nesciat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 3, 6.—

With quod:

illa vero optima (sunt) quod cum Haluntium venisset Archagathum vocari jussit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:

optimum vero (est) quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti,

id. Phil. 2, 36, 91.—

With second sup., in the phrase optumum factu est (where factu is redundant):

sed hoc mihi optumum factu arbitror,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 16:

optimum factu esse duxerant frumento... nostros prohibere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 30:

optumum factu credens exercitum augere,

Sall. C. 32, 1 (Kritz, factum); 57, 5 (Kritz, factum).

Ellipt. use: di meliora, i. e. dent or velint, i. e. let the gods grant better things than what you say, etc.; God forbid! in full:

di melius duint,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 16:

di meliora velint!

Ov. M. 7, 37.—Ellipt.:

di meliora! inquit,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47:

id ubi mulier audivit, perturbata, dii meliora inquit, etc.,

Liv. 39, 10, 2; 9, 9, 6; Verg. G. 3, 513;

similarly, di melius, i. e. fecerunt,

Val. Max. 6, 1, ext. 3.

With object expressed,

By dat.

= good, useful, beneficial for:

ambula, id lieni optumum est,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 25:

quia vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi,

Sall. C. 20, 3:

bona bello Cornus, jaculis, etc.,

Verg. G. 2, 447.—

= benignus or propitius, kind to:

vicinis bonus esto,

Cato, R. R. 4:

bene merenti mala es, male merenti bona es,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 3:

vos o mihi Manes, Este boni,

Verg. A. 12, 647.—

= idoneus, fit for, adapted to:

qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse,

Cato, R. R. 6:

tum erit ei rei optumum tempus,

id. ib. 26:

terra cui putre solum, Optima frumentis,

Verg. G. 2, 205; 2, 319; 1, 286.—

With sum and dat., in the phrase alicui bono est, it is of service to one, profits him:

accusant in quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:

bono fuisse Romanis adventum eorum constabat,

Liv. 7, 12, 4.—Hence, with rel. dat.: cui bono (est), for whose advantage it is:

quod si quis usurpet illud Cassianum cui bono fuerit, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

cui bono fuisset,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Mil. 12, 32 Ascon. ad loc.; cf.

ellipt. form cui bono?

Prisc. p. 1208 P.—

With dat. gerund:

ager oleto conserundo qui in Favonium spectavit, aliis bonus nullus erit,

Cato, R. R. 6; Varr. R. R. 1, 24:

(mons) quia pecori bonus alendo erat,

Liv. 29, 31; 9, 10.—

By ad and acc.:

refert et ad quam rem bona aut non bona sit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 91:

occasio quaeritur idoneane fuerit ad rem adoriendam, an alia melior,

Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7:

non campos modo militi Romano ad proelium bonos, etc.,

Tac. A. 2, 14.

bŏnus (old form dŭonus, Carm. Sall. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Mull.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 67 Mull.), a, um, adj. [for duonus, cf. bellum, bis, and cf. root dvi-; hence deidô, deos], good; comp. melior, us [cf. Gr. mala, mallon], better; sup. optimus ( optumus, ante-class. and often class.) [root opof ops, opes; cf. copia, apiscor], best.

Attributively.

As adjunct of nouns denoting persons.

Vir bonus.

A man morally good (kalos kagathos):

quoniam boni me viri pauperant, improbi alunt,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 60:

omnibus virtutibus instructos et ornatos tum sapientes, tum viros bonos dicimus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 28:

ille vir bonus qui... intolerabili dolore lacerari potius quam aut officium prodat aut fidem,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:

sive vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini, certe istum virum bonum non facile reperimus,

id. Off. 3, 15, 64:

qui se ita gerunt ut eorum probitas, fides, integritas, etc.... hos viros bonos... appellandos putemus,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

non intellegunt se de callido homine loqui, non de bono viro,

id. Att. 7, 2, 4:

ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior,

id. Lael. 2, 6; id. Leg. 1, 14, 41; 1, 18, 48; id. Planc. 4, 9; id. Par. 3, 1, 21; id. Marcell. 6, 20; id. Fam. 7, 21; id. Off. 2, 16, 57.—

An honest man:

justitia, ex qua viri boni nominantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 21; 1, 44, 155; 2, 11, 39; 2, 12, 42; 2, 20, 71;

3, 12, 50: cum is sponsionem fecisset ni vir bonus esset,

id. ib. 3, 19, 77:

quoniam Demosthenes nec vir bonus esset, nec bene meritus de civitate,

id. Opt. Gen. 7, 20; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116.—

A man of good standing in the community:

id viri boni arbitratu deducetur,

Cato, R. R. 143; so id. ib. 149:

tuam partem viri bono arbitratu... dari oportet,

Dig. 17, 1, [p. 244] 35;

37, 6, 2, § 2: quem voles virum bonum nominato,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55:

vir bonus est... quo res sponsore, et quo causae teste tenentur,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 40.—Hence, ironically of wealthy men:

praetores jus dicunt, aediles ludos parant, viri boni usuras perscribunt,

Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3.—

Ironically of bad men:

sed eccum lenonem Lycum, bonum virum,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 52; Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 9; 4, 3, 18; id. Ad. 3, 4, 30:

expectabam quinam isti viri boni testes hujus manifesto deprehensi veneni dicerentur,

Cic. Cael. 26, 63:

nam socer ejus, vir multum bonus est,

id. Agr. 3, 3, 13;

so especially in addresses (mostly comic.): age tu, illuc procede, bone vir!

Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 1; id. Curc. 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 4, 7, 48; id. Pers. 5, 2, 11; Ter. And. 3, 5, 10; 5, 2, 5; id. Ad. 4, 2, 17; id. Eun. 5, 2, 11:

quid tu, vir optime? Ecquid habes quod dicas?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104.—

Sometimes boni viri = boni, in the sense of optimates (v. I. A. 3.):

bonis viris quid juris reliquit tribunatus C. Gracchi?

Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20.—

As a conventional courtesy:

homines optimi non intellegunt, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:

bone accusator,

id. Rosc. Am. 21, 58:

sic illum amicum vocasti, quomodo omnes candidatos bonos viros dicimus,

gentlemen, Sen. Ep. 3, 1.—For bonus vir, a good husband, v. 3.; and for vir optimus, as a laudatory epithet, v. 5.—

Boni homines (rare) = boni, better classes of society, v. II. A. 3:

in foro infimo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14.—

With nouns denoting persons in regard to their functions, offices, occupations, and qualities, denoting excellence:

bonus consul,

Liv. 4, 40, 6; 22, 39, 2 (different: consules duos, bonos quidem, sed dumtaxat bonos, amisimus, consuls of good sentiments, almost = bad consuls, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 4):

boni tribuni plebis,

Cic. Phil. 1, 10, 25:

bonus senator,

id. Prov. Cons. 15, 37:

senator bonus,

id. Dom. 4, 8:

bonus judex,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 34:

bonus augur (ironically),

id. Phil. 2, 32, 80:

bonus vates,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 27:

bonus imperator,

Sall. C. 60, 4:

bonus dux,

Quint. 12, 1, 43 (cf. trop.:

naturam, optimam ducem,

the best guide, Cic. Sen. 2, 5):

bonus miles,

Sall. C. 60, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:

bonus orator,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

optimus orator,

id. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:

poeta bonus,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 11; 2, 46, 194; id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

scriptor bonus,

Quint. 10, 1, 104:

bonus advocatus,

id. 5, 13, 10:

bonus defensor,

id. 5, 13, 3:

bonus altercator,

a good debater, id. 6, 4, 10:

bonus praeceptor,

id. 5, 13, 44; 10, 5, 22:

bonus gubernator,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

optimus opifex,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 133:

sutor bonus,

id. ib. 1, 3, 125:

actor optimus,

Cic. Sest. 57, 122:

cantor optimus est modulator,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 130:

melior gladiator,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 33: agricola (colonus, dominus) bonus, Cato, R. R. prooem.; Cic. Sen. 16, 56:

bonus paterfamilias,

a thrifty head of the house, Nep. Att. 13, 1:

bonus servus,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 58; id. Am. 2, 1, 46; id. Men. 5, 6, 1; Cic. Mil. 22, 58:

dominus bonus,

Cato, R. R. 14:

bonus custos,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38.—Ironically, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57:

filius bonus,

Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 9:

patres,

Quint. 11, 3, 178:

parens,

id. 6, prooem. 4: bonus (melior, optimus), viz. a good husband, Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 sq.; Liv. 1, 9, 15:

uxor melior,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52:

amicus,

id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:

amicus optimus,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 18:

optimus testis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:

auctor, in two senses,

good authority, id. Att. 5, 12, 3;

and = bonus scriptor (post-class.),

Quint. 10, 1, 74.—Esp.:

bonus civis (rarely civis bonus): in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint: talem enim solemus et sentire bonum civem et dicere, Cic.-Off. 1, 34, 124: eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere,

id. ib. 2, 23, 83:

eum esse civem et fidelem et bonum,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2; 1, 9, 10; 3, 12, 1; 6, 6, 11; id. Off. 1, 44, 155; Liv. 22, 39, 3; Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 10 Dietsch:

optimus et fortissimus civis,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; id. Sest. 17, 39.—

Bonus and optimus as epithets of the gods.

In gen.:

sed te bonus Mercurius perdat,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 23:

fata... bonique divi,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 38:

divis orte bonis,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

O bone deus!

Scrib. Comp. 84 fin.: BONORVM DEORVM, Inscr. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 84: totidem, pater optime, dixi, Tu mihi da cives, referring to Jupiter, Ov. M. 7, 627.—

Optimus Maximus, a standing epithet of Jupiter:

(Juppiter) a majoribus nostris Optimus Maximus (nominatur), et quidem ante optimus, id est beneficentissimus, quam Maximus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64:

Jovem optimum et maximum ob eas res appellant, non quod, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 36, 87:

in templo Jovis Optimi Maximi,

id. Sest. 56, 129; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 22:

nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi,

id. Cat. 3, 9, 21; Liv. 1, 12, 7; id. 6, 16, 2.—

Di boni, O di boni, expressing indignation, sorrow, or surprise:

di boni, hunc visitavi antidhac!

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 16:

di boni, boni quid porto!

Ter. And. 2, 2, 1:

di boni, quid hoc morbi est,

id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 13; id. Ad. 3, 3, 86:

alter, O di boni, quam taeter incedebat!

Cic. Sest. 8, 19; id. Brut. 84, 288; id. Phil. 2, 8, 20; 2, 32, 80; id. Att. 1, 16, 5; 14, 21, 2; Val. Max. 3, 5, 1; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3.—

Bona Dea, etc., v. 6.—

Optimus as a laudatory epithet.

Vir optimus:

per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum inferre conantur,

Cic. Sest. 1, 2:

virum optimum et constantissimum M. Cispium,

id. ib. 35, 76:

fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum,

id. ib.:

consolabor hos praesentes, viros optimos,

id. Balb. 19, 44; id. Planc. 21, 51; 23, 55; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Marcell. 4, 10; id. Att. 5, 1, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 53.—

Femina bona, optima:

tua conjunx bona femina,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

hujus sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater,

id. ib. —

Senex, pater, frater, etc.:

optimus: parentes ejus, prudentissimi atque optimi senis,

Cic. Planc. 41, 97:

insuevit pater optimus hoc me,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 105; 2, 1, 12:

C. Marcelli, fratris optimi,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6 (8), 2; 2, 4, 2.—

With proper names ( poet.):

optimus Vergilius,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 54:

Maecenas optimus,

id. ib. 1, 5, 27:

optime Quinti,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 1.—

Esp. as an epithet of the Roman emperors:

quid tam civile, tam senatorium quam illud, additum a nobis Optimi cognomen?

Plin. Pan. 2, 7:

gratias, inquit, ago, optime Princeps!

Sen. Tranq. 14. 4:

ex epistula optimi imperatoris Antonini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 102; cf.:

bene te patriae pater optime Caesar,

Ov. F. 2, 637:

optime Romulae Custos gentis,

Hor. C. 4, 5, 1.—

Bonus and Bona, names of deities.

Bona Dea, the goddess of Chastity, whose temple could not be entered by males (cf. Macr. S. 1, 12; Lact. 1, 22):

Bonae Deae pulvinaribus,

Cic. Pis. 39, 95; id. Mil. 31, 86; id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; cf.

in mal. part.,

Juv. 2, 86 sq.; 6, 314 sq.; 6, 335 sq.—

Bonus Eventus, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.; Amm. 29, 6, 19; Inscr. Orell. 907; 1780 sq.—

Bona Fortuna:

si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 22:

Bonae Fortunae (signum),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7:

FORTVNAE BONAE DOMESTICAE,

Inscr. Orell. 1743 sq. —

Bona Spes:

Spes Bona, obsecro, subventa mihi,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 12:

BONAE SPEI,

Aug. Inscr. Grut. 1075, 1.—

BONA MENS, Inscr. Orell. 1818 sqq.:

Mens Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono,

Prop. 3, 24, 19.

With nouns denoting things.

Things concrete, denoting excellence:

navis bona dicitur non quae pretiosis coloribus picta est... sed stabilis et firma,

Sen. Ep. 76, 13:

gladium bonum dices, non cui auratus est balteus, etc., sed cui et ad secandum subtilis acies est, et, etc.,

id. ib. 76, 14:

id vinum erit lene et bono colore,

Cato, R. R. 109; Lucr. 2, 418; Ov. Am. 2, 7, 9:

tabulas... collocare in bono lumine,

Cic. Brut. 75, 261: ex quavis olea oleum... bonum fieri potest. Cato, R. R. 3:

per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato,

id. ib. 73; cf.:

bonae aquae, ironically compared to wine,

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 28:

praedium bonum caelum habeat,

good temperature, Cato, R. R. 1:

bona tempestate,

in good weather, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:

(praedium) solo bono valeat,

by good soil, Cato, R. R. 1:

bonae (aedes) cum curantur male,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 24:

villam bonam,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55:

bonus pons,

Cat. 17, 5:

scyphi optimi (= optime facti),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:

perbona toreumata,

id. ib. 2, 4, 18, §

38: bona domicilia,

comfortable residences, id. N. D. 2, 37, 95:

agrum Meliorem nemo habet,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:

fundum meliorem,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52: fundos optimos et fructuosissimos, id. Agr. 3, 4, 14:

equus melior,

id. Inv. 1, 31, 52:

bona cena,

Cat. 13, 3:

boni nummi,

good, not counterfeit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 144; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:

super omnia vultus accessere boni,

good looks, Ov. M. 8, 678:

mulier bona forma,

of a fine form, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 13:

equus formae melioris,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 52:

tam bona cervix, simul ac jussero, demetur,

fine, beautiful, Suet. Calig. 33:

fruges bonae,

Cat. 34, 19:

ova suci melioris,

of better flavor, Hor. S. 2, 4, 13.— Trop.:

animus aequus optimum est aerumnae condimentum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71: bona dextra, a lucky hand (cf.:

bonum omen, 2. e.),

Quint. 6, 3, 69:

scio te bona esse voce, ne clama nimis,

good, sound, loud voice, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 43; so,

bona firmaque vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 13.—

Things abstract.

Of physical well-being:

ut si qui neget sine bona valetudine posse bene vivi,

Cic. Inv. 1, 51, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 2; Lucr. 3, 102; Val. Max. 2, 5, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 2, 35 et saep.:

non bonus somnus de prandio est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:

bona aetas,

prime of life, Cic. Sen. 14, 48:

optima aetate,

id. Fam. 10, 3, 3.—Ironically:

bona, inquis, aetate, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 76, 1.—

Of the mind and soul:

meliore esse sensu,

Cic. Sest. 21, 47:

optima indoles,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

bona conscientia,

Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 5:

bono ingenio me esse ornatam quam auro multo mavolo,

with a good heart, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 91; id. Stich. 1, 21, 59; Sall. C. 10, 5:

mens melior,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 78; Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13; Liv. 39, 16, 5; Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 4; id. Ep. 10, 4; Pers. 2, 8; Petr. 61.—Personified, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 19; Ov. Am. 1, 2, 31:

duos optimae indolis filios,

Val. Max. 5, 7, 2; Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 6; Quint. 1, 2, 5:

bonum consilium,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 6; id. Rud. 4, 3, 18; Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:

bona voluntas,

a good purpose, Quint. 12, 11, 31:

memoria bona,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

bona ratio cum perdita... confligit,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

bonae rationes,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 50:

pronuntiatio bona,

Auct. Her. 3, 15, 27.—

Of moral relations:

ego si bonam famam mihi servasso, sat ero dives,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 71; Cic. Sest. 66, 139; Liv. 6, 11, 7; Hor. S. 1, 2, 61 (cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1;

v. e. infra): si ego in causa tam bona cessi tribuni plebis furori,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36; id. Planc. 36, 87; Ov. M. 5, 220:

fac, sis, bonae frugi sies,

of good, regular habits, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 35; id. Cas. 2, 4, 5; 2, 5, 19; id. Ps. 1, 5, 53; id. Truc. 1, 1, 13; id. Capt. 5, 2, 3 sq. (v. frux, II. B. 1. b.): vilicus disciplina bona utatur. Cato, R. R. 5:

bona studia,

moral pursuits, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:

quidquid vita meliore parasti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 15: ad spem mortis melioris, an honorable death; so as an epithet of religious exercises:

Juppiter, te bonas preces precor,

Cato, R. R. 134; 139.—

Of external, artistic, and literary value and usefulness:

bono usui estis nulli,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

Optumo optume optumam operam das,

id. Am. 1, 1, 122:

bonam dedistis mihi operam,

a valuable service to me, id. Poen. 2, 3, 70; 3, 6, 11; id. Pers. 4, 7, 11; id. Rud. 3, 6, 11 (in a different sense: me bona opera aut mala Tibi inventurum esse auxilium argentarium, by fair or unfair means, id. Ps. 1, 1, 102;

v. e. infra): optima hereditas a patribus traditur liberis... gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum,

Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:

bonum otium,

valuable leisure, Sall. C. 4, 1:

bonis versibus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:

versus meliores,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 81:

meliora poemata,

Hor. A. P. 303:

in illa pro Ctesiphonte oratione longe optima,

Cic. Or. 8, 26:

optimas fabulas,

id. Off. 1, 31, 114:

melius munus,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 7.—

Favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate:

de Procilio rumores non boni,

unfavorable rumors, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 5:

bona de Domitio, praeclara de Afranio fama est,

about their success in the war, id. ib. 7, 26, 1:

si fuisset in discipulo comparando meliore fortuna,

id. Pis. 29, 71; cf.

fortuna optima esse,

to be in the best pecuniary circumstances, id. ad Brut. 1, 1, 2:

occasio tam bona,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:

senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulesoens cum, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 19, 68; id. Fam. 4, 32:

bona navigatio,

id. N. D. 3, 34, 83;

esp. in phrase bona spes.—Object.: ergo in iis adulescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus et magnam indolem quos, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117.—Subject.:

ego sum spe bona,

Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 3; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; [p. 245] id. Att. 14, 1 a, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 16:

optima spe,

id. Fam. 12, 11, 2.—Pregn., = spes bonarum rerum, Sall. C. 21, 1;

v. C. 1. c. infra: meliora responsa,

more favorable, Liv. 7, 21, 6:

melior interpretatio,

Tac. H. 3, 65:

cum laude et bonis recordationibus,

id. A. 4, 38:

amnis Doctus iter melius,

i. e. less injurious, Hor. A. P. 68:

omen bonum,

a good, lucky omen, Cic. Pis. 13, 31; cf.

Liv. praef. § 13: melius omen,

Ov. F. 1, 221;

optimum,

Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2:

bona scaeva,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 24:

auspicio optumo,

id. ib. 3, 2, 6; cf.:

memini bene, sed meliore Tempore dicam = opportuniore tempore,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 68.—

Of public affairs, si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, Cic. Mil. 34, 93:

optima res publica,

id. Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

minus bonis temporibus,

id. Dom. 4, 8; so,

optimis temporibus,

id. Sest. 3, 6:

nostrae res meliore loco videbantur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 3, 1:

lex optima,

id. Pis. 16, 37; id. Sest. 64, 137; id. Phil, 1, 8, 19.—

Good = large, considerable:

bono atque amplo lucro,

Plaut. Am. prol. 6:

bona librorum copia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 109; cf.:

bona copia cornu,

Ov. M. 9, 88; v. bona pars, C. 8. g.—

Noble; with genus, good family, noble extraction, honorable birth: quali me arbitraris genere prognatum? Eu. Bono, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 35; so id. Ep. 1, 2, 4; 2, 1, 3; id. Pers. 4, 4, 94:

si bono genere natus sit,

Auct. Her. 3, 7, 13.—

Referring to good-will, kindness, faithfulness, in certain phrases.

Bona venia or cum bona venia, with the kind permission of a person addressed, especially bona venia orare, expetere, etc.:

primum abs te hoc bona venia expeto,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 31:

bona tua venia dixerim,

Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:

oravit bona venia Quirites, ne, etc.,

Liv. 7, 41, 3:

obsecro vos.. bona venia vestra liceat, etc.,

id. 6, 40, 10:

cum bona venia quaeso audiatis, etc.,

id. 29, 17, 6; Arn. c. Gent. 1, p. 5; cf.

. sed des veniam bonus oro = venia bona oro,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 5.—

Bona pax, without quarrelling:

bona pax sit potius,

let us have no quarrel about that, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 7;

so especially cum bona pace, or bona pace: Hannibal ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium... pervenit,

without a difficulty with the inhabitants, Liv. 21, 32, 6; 21, 24, 5; 1, 24, 3; 28, 37, 4; 8, 15, 1; cf.: si bonam (pacem) dederitis, = a fair peace, under acceptable conditions, id. 8, 21, 4.—

Amicitia bona = bona fide servata, faithful, undisturbed friendship:

igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit,

Sall. J. 5, 5.—

Bona societas, alliance:

Segestes, memoria bonae societatis, impavidus,

Tac. A. 1, 58.

In particular phrases.

Bonae res.

= Vitae commoda, comforts of life, abstract or concrete:

concedatur bonis rebus homines morte privari,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87:

optimis rebus usus est,

he had every most desirable thing, Nep. Att. 18, 1.—

= Res secundae, opp. res adversae, prosperity:

bonis rebus tuis, meas irrides malas,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45:

in bonis rebus,

Hor. C. 2, 3, 2. —

Res bona = res familiaris bona, wealth ( poet.): in re bona esse, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4.—Also an object of value:

homines quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,

who had no property, nor the hope of any, Sall. C. 21, 1. —

Costly things, articles of luxury:

capere urbem in Arabia plenam bonarum rerum,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 46; 4, 4, 82:

nimium rei bonae,

id. Stich. 2, 3, 55:

ignorantia bonarum rerum,

Nep. Ages. 8, 5 ' bonis rebus gaudere, Hor. S. 2, 6, 110:

re bona copiosum esse,

Gell. 16, 19, 7.—

Moral, morally good:

illi cum res non bonas tractent,

Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 72:

ut de virtutibus et vitiis, omninoque de bonis rebus et malis quaererent,

id. ib. 1, 4, 15:

quid habemus in rebus bonis et malis explorati?

id. ib. 2, 42, 129; so id. Or. 1, 10, 42; id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:

quae tamen omnia dulciora fuint et moribus bonis et artibus,

id. Sen. 18, 65.—

In literary composition, important or interesting matter, subjects, or questions:

res bonas verbis electis dictas quis non legat?

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8:

studiis generorum, praesertim in re bona,

Plaut. Am. 8, 26.—

Bonae artes.

A good, laudable way of dealing:

qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae famam quaerit,

Sall. C. 2, 9:

huic bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,

id. ib. 11, 2:

quod is bonarum artium cupiens erat,

Tac. A. 6, 46.—

Liberal arts and sciences:

litteris aut ulli bonae arti,

Quint. 12, 1, 7:

conservate civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum,

Cic. Sest. 32, 77. —Esp.:

optimae artes: optimarum artium scientia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 4; id. Ac. 2, 1, 1; id. Cael. 10, 24; id. Marcell. 1, 4.—

Bona fides, or fides bona.

Good faith, i. e. conscious honesty in acts or words: qui nummos fide bona solvit, who pays (the price of labor) in good faith, i. e. as it is honestly earned, Cato, R. R. 14:

dic, bona fide, tu id aurum non subripuisti?

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46; 4, 10, 47; id. Capt. 4, 2, 111; id. Most. 3, 1, 137; id. Poen. 1, 3, 30; id. Pers. 4, 3, 16; id. Ps. 4, 6, 33:

si tibi optima fide omnia concessit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144; Quint. 10, 3, 23.—Hence, bonae fidei vir, a conscientious man, Quint. 10, 7, 1.—

Jurid. t. t.

Good faith in contracts and legal acts in general, opposed to dolus malus, honesty and fairness in dealing with another:

ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere, notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 67.—Hence, alienam rem bona fide emere, to buy, believing the seller to be the rightful owner, Dig. 41, 3, 10; 41, 3, 13, § 1. bonae fidei possessor (also possessio), believing that he is the rightful owner, ib. 5, 3, 25, § 11; 5, 3, 22; 41, 3, 15, § 2;

41, 3, 24: conventio contra bonam fidem et mores bonos,

ib. 16, 31, § 7: bonam fidem praestare, to be responsible for one ' s good faith, ib. 17, 1, 10 prooem.—Hence,

Bonae fidei actiones or judicia, actions in equity, i. e. certain classes of actions in which the strict civil law was set aside by the praetorian edict in favor of equity:

actiones quaedam bonae fidei sunt, quaedam stricti juris. Bonae fidei sunt haec: exempto vendito, locato conducto, etc.,

Just. Inst. 4, 6, 28, § 19.—In the republican time the praetor added in such actions to his formula for the judex the words ex fide bona, or, in full:

quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66:

iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, et sine lege, judiciis in quibus additur ex fide bona,

id. ib. 3, 15, 61; cf. id. ib. 3, 17, 70.—

Bona verba.

Kind words:

Bona verba quaeso,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 33.—

Words of good omen (v. omen):

dicamus bona verba,

Tib. 2, 2, 1:

dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero,

Ov. F. 2, 638.—

Elegant or well-chosen expressions:

quid est tam furiosum quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis,

Cic. Or. 1, 12, 51:

verborum bonorum cursu,

id. Brut. 66, 233:

omnia verba sunt alicubi optima,

Quint. 10, 1, 9.—

Moral sayings:

non est quod contemnas bona verba et bonis cogitationibus plena praecordia,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 1. —

Bona dicta.

Polite, courteous language:

hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit leniter dictis bonis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 25.—

Witticisms ( bon-mots): flammam a sapiente facilius ore in ardente opprimi, quam bona dicta teneat, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 2, 54, 222:

dico unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus quibus solebam menstruales epulas ante adipiscier,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 22:

ibo intro ad libros ut discam de dictis melioribus,

id. Stich. 2, 3, 75.—

Bona facta.

= bene facta (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.), laudable deeds:

nobilitas ambobus et majorum bona facta (sc. erant),

Tac. A. 3, 40.—

Bonum factum est, colloq., = bene est, bene factum est (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.):

bonum factum est, ut edicta servetis mea,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 16:

haec imperata quae sunt pro imperio histrico, bonum hercle factum (est) pro se quisque ut meminerit,

id. ib. 45.— Hence,

Elliptically, introducing commands which cannot be enforced, = if you will do so, it will be well:

peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est: bonum factum, ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit,

Suet. Caes. 80:

et Chaldaeos edicere: bonum factum, ne Vitellius... usquam esset,

id. Vit. 14:

hac die Carthaginem vici: bonum factum, in Capitolium eamus, et deos supplicemus,

Aur. Vict. 49; cf.:

o edictum, cui adscribi non poterit bonum factum,

Tert. Pud. 1.—

Bona gratia.

A friendly understanding:

cur non videmus inter nos haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala?

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17; so,

per gratiam bonam abire,

to part with good feelings, Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 33.—In jest: sine bona gratia abire, of things cast away, Plaut Truc. 2, 7, 15.—

Pleon., in the phrase bonam gratiam habere, = gratiam habere, to thank (v. B. 2. k.), Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 32; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 99.—

Bona pars.

The well-disposed part of a body of persons:

ut plerumque fit, major pars (i. e. of the senate) meliorem vicit,

Liv. 21, 4, 1:

pars melior senatus ad meliora responsa trahere,

id. 7, 21, 6.—

The good party, i. e. the optimates (gen. in plur.):

civem bonarum partium,

Cic. Sest. 32, 77:

(fuit) meliorum partium aliquando,

id. Cael. 6, 13:

qui sibi gratiam melioris partis velit quaesitam,

Liv. 2, 44, 3.—Paronom.: (Roscius) semper partium in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum, i. e. party and part in a drama, Cic. Sest. 56, 120.—

Of things or persons, a considerable part (cf. a good deal):

bonam partem ad te adtulit,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 43:

bonam partem sermonis in hunc diem esse dilatam,

Cic. Or. 2, 3, 14:

bonam magnamque partem exercitus,

Val. Max. 5, 2, ext. 4:

bona pars noctium,

Quint. 12, 11, 19:

bona pars hominum,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 61:

meae vocis... bona pars,

id. C. 4, 2, 46; so id. A. P. 297; Ov. P. 1, 8, 74:

melior pars diei,

Verg. A. 9, 156.—

Rarely, and mostly eccl. Lat.: optima pars, the best part or lot:

nostri melior pars animus est,

Sen. Q. N. 1, prooem. § 14; cf.:

quae pars optima est in homine,

best, most valuable, Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:

major pars aetatis, certe melior reipublicae data sit,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 1:

Maria optimam partem elegit, quae non auferetur ab ea,

Vulg. Luc. 10, 42.—

Adverb.:

bonam partem = ex magna parte,

Lucr. 6, 1249.—

Aliquem in optimam partem cognoscere, to know somebody from his most favorable side, Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46: aliquid in optimam partem accipere, to take something in good part, interpret it most favorably:

Caesar mihi ignoscit quod non venerim, seseque in optimam partem id accipere dicit,

id. Att. 10, 3 a, 2; id. ad Brut. 1, 2, 3:

quaeso ut hoc in bonam partem accipias,

id. Rosc. Am. 16, 45.—

Dies bonus or bona.

A day of good omen, a fortunate day (= dies laetus, faustus):

tum tu igitur die bono, Aphrodisiis, addice, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 49:

nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die,

Ov. F. 1, 72.—

A beautiful, serene day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 3.—

Bonus mos.

Boni mores, referring to individuals, good, decent, moral habits:

nihil est amabilius quam morum similitudo bonorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 17, 56:

nam hic nimium morbus mores invasit bonos,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 6:

domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

propter ejus suavissimos et optimos mores,

Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13:

cum per tot annos matronae optimis moribus vixerint,

Liv. 34, 6, 9:

mores meliores,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 18.—

Bonus mos or boni mores, in the abstract, morality, the laws, rules of morality: ei vos morigerari mos bonu'st, it is a rule of morality that you should, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:

ex optimo more et sanctissima disciplina,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:

neglegentia boni moris,

Sen. Ep. 97, 1.—Jurid. t. t.:

conventio, mandatum contra bonos mores,

in conflict with morality, Quint. 3, 1, 57; Dig. 16, 3, 1, § 7; Gai. Inst. 3, 157 et saep. —

Adverbial phrases.

Bono animo esse, or bonum animum habere.

To be of good cheer or courage:

bono animo es! Liberabit ille te homo,

Plaut. Merc 3, 1, 33; so id. Aul. 4, 10, 61; id. Mil. 4, 8, 32; id. Rud. 3, 3, 17; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18; id. Ad. 2, 4, 20; 3, 5, 1; 4, 2, 4; 4, 5, 62; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 72:

animo bono es,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; id. Am. 2, 2, 48; 5, 2, 1:

bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, et fiscinam expedi,

Varr. R. R. 1, 26:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 6, 10, 29:

bono animo esse jubere eam consul,

Liv. 39, 13, 7:

habe modo bonum animum,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 58; so id. Am. 1, 3, 47; id. Truc. 2, 6, 44; id. Aul. 2, 2, 15:

habe animum bonum,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 1; 4, 2, 31:

bonum animum habe,

Liv. 45, 8, 5:

clamor ortus ut bonum animum haberet,

id. 8, 32, 1; so Sen. Ep. 87, 38.—

Bono animo esse, or facere aliquid, to be of a good or friendly disposition, or to do with good, honest intentions:

audire jubet vos imperator histricus, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis qui, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 5: sunt enim (consules) [p. 246] optimo animo, summo consilio, of the best disposition, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 2:

bono te animo tum populus Romanus... dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed, etc.,

id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56:

quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6; Quint. 7, 4, 15.—

Bonus animus, good temper, patience:

bonus animus in mala re dimidium mali est,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 37:

vos etiam hoc animo meliore feratis,

Ov. M. 9, 433.—

Bono modo.

= placide, with composure, moderation:

si quis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet,

Cato, R. R. 5:

haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia, mihi autem bono modo, tantum quantum videbitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137.—

In a decent manner:

neu quisquam prohibeto filium quin amet... quod bono fiat modo,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 62. —

Jure optimo or optimo jure, with good, perfect right:

te ipse jure optumo incuses licet,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23; id. Rud. 2, 6, 53:

ut jure optimo me deserere posses,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6; Sen. Ot. Sap. 2 (29), 2.—With pass. or intr. verb, deservedly:

ne jure optimo irrideamur,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 151; id. Marcell. 1, 4;

similarly, optimo judicio,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 2.

As subst.

bŏnus, boni, m.; of persons.

In sing. or plur. orig. = bonus vir, boni viri; v. I. A. 1. a. b, supra, a morally good man.

Plur.:

bonis quod bene fit haud perit,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 2; id. Capt. 2, 2, 108; id. Trin. 2, 1, 55; id. Pers. 4, 5, 2:

melius apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari puto,

Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71:

verum esse ut bonos boni diligant, quamobrem... bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam (esse) benevolentiam,

id. Lael. 14, 50:

diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra... habere,

Sall. C. 52, 13; 7, 2; 52, 22:

oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 52:

tam bonis quam malis conduntur urbes,

Sen. Ben. 4, 28, 4; so id. Vit. Beat. 15, 6; Quint. 9, 2, 76.—Rarely bŏnae, arum, f., good women:

quia omnes bonos bonasque adcurare addecet, etc.,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 41.—

Sing.:

malus bonum malum esse volt ut sit sui similis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 8:

nec enim cuique bono mali quidquam evenire potest,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99; cf.:

qui meliorem audax vocet in jus,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 29.—

Bonus, a man of honor.

A brave man:

pro qua (patria) quis bonus dubitet mortem oppetere si ei sit profuturus?

Cic. Off. 1, 17, 57:

libertatem quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittat,

Sall. C. 33, 5:

fortes creantur fortibus et bonis,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 29 (opp. ignavi):

fama impari boni atque ignavi erant,

Sall. J. 57, 6; 53, 8; id. C. 11, 2. —

A gentleman:

quis enim umquam, qui paululum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras ad se ab amico missas... in medium protulit?

Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 7.—

Boni, the better (i. e. higher) classes of society.

In gen. (of political sentiments, = optimates, opp. populares, seditiosi, perditi cives, etc.;

so usu. in Cic.): meam causam omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38:

audaces homines et perditi nutu impelluntur... boni, nescio quomodo, tardiores sunt, etc.,

id. ib. 47, 100:

ego Kal. Jan. senatum et bonos omnes legis agrariae... metu liberavi,

id. Pis. 2, 4:

etenim omnes boni, quantum in ipsis fuit, Caesarem occiderunt,

id. Phil. 2, 13, 29; id. Fam. 5, 2, 8; 5, 21, 2; id. Sest. 2, 5; 16, 36; 48, 103; id. Planc. 35, 86; id. Mil. 2, 5; id. Off. 2. 12, 43:

maledictis increpat omnes bonos,

Sall. C. 21, 4; 19, 2; 33, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 22; so,

optimi,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 37; and, ironically, boni identified with the rich:

bonorum, id est lautorum et locupletum,

id. Att. 8, 1, 3.—

Without reference to political views;

opp. vulgus (rare): nihil ego istos moror fatuos mores quibus boni dedecorant se,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 22:

semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident,

Sall. C. 37, 3:

elatus est sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia,

Nep. Att. 22, 2.—So, mĕlĭōres, um, m., one ' s betters:

ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 13:

da locum melioribus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 37.—

Boni, bone, in addresses, as an expression of courtesy, Hor. S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 6, 51; 2, 6, 95; id. Ep. 2, 2, 37; ironice, id. S. 2, 3, 31.—

Optimus quisque = quivis bonus, omnes boni.

Referring to morality:

esse aliquid natura pulcrum quod optimus quisque sequeretur,

every good man, Cic. Sen. 13, 43:

qui ita se gerebant ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur,

id. Sest. 45, 96; id. Off. 1, 43, 154; id. Fin. 1, 7, 24; id. Sest. 54, 115; and = even the best:

quare deus optimum quemque mala valetudine adficit?

Sen. Prov. 4, 8.—

Of the educated classes:

adhibenda est quaedam reverentia adversus homines, et optimi cujusque et reliquorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 28, 99; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 85:

Catilina plerisque consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, litteras mittit,

Sall. C. 34, 2:

optimo cuique infesta libertas,

Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 2 (32 fin.).—

Honorable, brave:

optumus quisque cadere et sauciari, ceteris metus augeri,

Sall. J. 92, 8.—

In gen., excellent:

optimus quisque facere quam dicere... malebat,

Sall. C. 8, 5.—

Distributively:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

to the best man in each instance, Sall. C. 2, 6.—

Referring to another superlative ( = quo quisque melior eo magis, etc.):

hic aditus laudis qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; so id. Lael. 4, 14; id. Inv. 2, 11, 36; Sen. Vit. Beat. 18, 1.—

Attributively, with a noun:

optimam quamque causam,

Cic. Sest. 43, 93:

optima quaeque dies,

Verg. G. 3, 66.

bŏnum, i, n., plur. bona; mĕlĭus, ōris, n.; optĭmum, i, n. (v. infra); of things in gen.

Bonum, or plur. bona, a good, or goods in a moral and metaphysical sense, a moral good, a blessing: sunt autem hae de finibus defensae sententiae: nihil bonum nisi honestum, ut Stoici; nihil bonum nisi voluptatem, ut Epicurus;

nihil bonum nisi vacuitatem doloris, ut Hieronymus... tria genera bonorum, maxima animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia, ut Peripatetici, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 84 sq.:

quid est igitur bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri vere dicitur, et quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum,

id. Par. 1, 1, 9:

ut quis intellegat, quid sit illud simplex et verum bonum quod non possit ab honestate sejungi,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 7:

non-est igitur voluptas bonum,

id. Fin. 1, 11, 39: finis bonorum et malorum (telos agathôn) = summa bona et mala:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne pervertant. Nam qui summum bonum sic instituit ut, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5; cf. id. Par. 1, 3, 14; id. Ac. 2, 9, 29; 2, 36, 114; 2, 42, 129; id. Fin. 1, 9, 29; 1, 12, 42; id. Tusc. 4, 31, 66; Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 5; id. Ep. 117, 1 et saep.—

Bonum, what is valuable, beneficial, estimable, favorable, pleasant, physically or mentally:

quoi boni Tantum adfero quantum ipsus a diis optat,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:

multa bona vobis volt facere,

will do you much good, id. Poen. 5, 4, 60; id. Am. prol. 43, 49; id. Pers. 4, 8, 4; 2, 3, 14; id. Cas. 2, 8, 32:

tum demum nostra intellegemus bona quom ea amisimus,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 33:

multa tibi di dent bona,

id. Poen. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; id. Mil. 3, 1, 120; id. Men. 3, 3, 34; id. Pers. 4, 3, 23; id. Truc. 1, 2, 23; id. Merc. 1, 2, 40; id. Most. 1, 1, 47:

omnia Bona dicere,

to speak in the highest terms of one, Ter. And. 1, 1, 70:

sed ne vivus quidem bono caret, si eo non indiget,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

cum quaecumque bona Peripateticis, eadem Stoicis commoda viderentur,

id. ib. 5, 41, 120:

nihil enim boni nosti,

nothing that is good for any thing, id. Phil. 2, 7, 16:

mala pro bonis legere dementia est,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 6, 1; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3 fin.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 73:

quia bonum sit valere,

a good thing, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62 (cf. III. A. 5. infra):

melius: quo quidem haud scio an... quidquam melius sit homini a dis immortalibus datum,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

meliora... Aristotelem de istis rebus scripsisse,

id. Or. 1, 10, 43:

optimum: difficillimum est formam exponere optimi,

id. ib. 11, 36.— Here belongs the phrase boni consulere;

v. consulo.—So after prepositions: in bonum vertere, v. under verto: in melius ire,

to change for the better, Tac. A. 12, 68.—In the same sense: in melius aliquid referre, or reflectere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 281; 11, 426; 10, 632:

ad melius transcurrere,

to pass over to something better, Hor. S. 2, 2, 82.—

Bonum or bona, prosperity:

fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 58:

nulli est homini perpetuum bonum,

id. Curc. 1, 3, 33:

unā tecum bona, mala tolerabimus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 23:

quibus in bonis fuerint et nunc quibus in malis sint, ostenditur ( = in secundis, in adversis rebus),

Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 107.—

Good qualities, gifts:

omnia adsunt bona, quem penes'st virtus,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 30:

magnis illi et divinis bonis hanc licentiam adsequebantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:

nisi qui se suā gravitate et castimoniā... tum etiam naturali quodam bono defenderet, etc.,

id. Cael. 5, 11:

hunc meā sententiā divinis quibusdam bonis instructum atque ornatum puto,

id. ib. 17, 39:

non intellego quod bonum cuiquam sit apud tales viros profuturum,

id. Balb. 28, 63:

gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono,

id. Marcell. 6, 19; so id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—

Advantage, benefit:

si plus adipiscare, re explicatā, boni, quam addubitatā mali,

Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:

saepe cogitavi bonine an mali plus adtulerit... eloquentiae studium,

id. Inv. 1, 1, 1; 2, 35, 106; id. Off. 2, 2, 5; id. Sest. 10, 24:

maximum bonum in celeritate ponebat,

Sall. C. 43, 4; so, bono publico (abl.), for the public good:

hoc ita si fit, publico fiat bono,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 183; Liv. 2, 44, 3; Dig. 41, 3, 1.—

With aequum, what is fair and good, the fair ( thing), fairness, equity:

si bonum aequomque oras,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 149; so id. Pers. 3, 1, 71; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Men. 4, 2, 11:

si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 29; id. Ad. 1, 1, 39:

a quo vivo nec praesens nec absens quidquam aequi bonique impetravit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 94.—Hence, aequo et bono, or ex aequo et bono, in ( with) fairness, in equity, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 30; Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14; 2, 12, 18; 2, 13, 20; Gai. Inst. 3, 137: aequi bonique, as gen. of value, with facere:

istuc, Chreme, Aequi bonique facio,

I place a fair and proper value on it, Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40.—

Bona, one ' s property, fortunes, almost always denoting the whole of one's possessions.

In gen.:

paterna oportet reddi filio bona,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 120:

bona sua med habiturum omnia,

id. Truc. 2, 4, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 6; 4, 2, 29; id. Rud. 2, 6, 22; id. Most. 1, 3, 77; id. Trin. 4, 4, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 4:

bona mea diripiebantur atque ad consulem deferebantur,

Cic. Sest. 24, 54:

cum de capite, civis et de bonis proscriptio ferretur,

id. ib. 30, 65:

bona, fortunas, possessiones omnium,

id. Caecin. 13, 38:

at mulctantur bonis exsules,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106; id. Off. 2, 23, 81; id. Par. 1, 1, 7; id. Sest. 19, 42; 43, 94; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; Caes. B. G. 7, 3; Liv. 2, 3, 5; 2, 5, 5; 4, 15, 8; Tac. A. 2, 48; Quint. 6, 1, 19 et saep.—

Bonorum possessio, the possession of one ' s property by another.

Bonorum possessio in consequence of bonorum cessio, i. e. an assignment of one ' s property for the benefit of creditors, Dig. 42, tit. 3.—

Bonorum possessio granted by the prætor against a contumacious or insolvent debtor (in bona mittere, in bona ire jubere, bona possidere jubere, etc.); cf. Dig. 42, tit. 4:

postulat a Burrieno Naevius ut ex edicto bona possidere liceat,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25, and the whole of c. 8:

edixit... neu quis militis... bona possideret aut venderet,

Liv. 2, 24, 6:

bona proscribere,

to offer the property thus transferred for sale, Cic. Quint. 6, 25.—

Chiefly referring to the property of a defunct person (hereditas), where the prætor, till the heir had proved his right, granted a bonorum possessio secundum tabulas or contra tabulas, Dig. 37, tit. 4; 37, tit. 11.—

In bonis esse;

with reference to the older civil law, which distinguished between civil property (habere rem ex jure Quiritium) and natural property (rem in bonis habere, res in bonis est),

Gai. Inst. 2, 40, 41; Dig. 40, 12, 38, § 2; 37, 6, 2, § 1; 37, 6, 3, § 2; ib. Fragm. 1, 16; Gai. Inst. 1, 22; 1, 35; 1, 222; 1, 167; Dig. 1, 8, 1; 27, 10, 10:

neque bonorum possessorum, neque... res pleno jure fiunt, sed in bonis efficiuntur,

ib. Fragm. 3, 80.—Hence, nullam omnino arbitrabamur de eā hereditate controversiam eum habiturum, et est hodie in bonis, i. e. [p. 247] the bonorum possessio has been granted to him, which did not give full ownership, but effected only that the hereditas was in bonis. Cic. Fam. 13, 30, 1.

Predicative use.

With nouns or pronouns as subjects.

Bonum esse, to be morally good, honest:

nunc mihi bonae necessum est esse ingratiis, Quamquam esse nolo,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 82:

bonam ego quam beatam me esse nimio dici mavolo,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 93; so id. Capt. 2, 1, 44; id. Men. 4, 2, 6; id. Rud. prol. 29:

itaque viros fortes magnanimos eosdem, bonos et simplices... esse volumus,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; cf. id. ib. 3, 21, 84; id. Att. 15, 6, 1:

Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat,

Sall. C. 54, 5:

ut politiora, non ut meliora fiant ingenia,

Val. Max. 5, 4, ext. 5 fin. —

To be beneficial, prosperous, advantageous, valuable, favorable, serviceable, correct, with reference to both persons and things as subjects, and in regard to physical and mental relations:

jam istuc non bonumst,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 29; Cato, R. R. 157:

oleum viridius et melius fiet,

id. ib. 3:

vinum ut alvum bonam faciat,

to correct the bowels, id. ib. 156:

quid est homini salute melius?

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 127:

non optuma haec sunt, verum meliora quam deterruma,

id. Trin. 2, 3, 1:

quid est quod huc possit quod melius sit accedere?

Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 41; 1, 18, 57; id. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:

in quo (vestitu), sicut in plerisque rebus, mediocritas optima est,

id. Off. 1, 36, 130; 2, 17, 59; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Or. 2, 6; 11, 36:

meliorem tamen militem... in futura proelia id certamen fecit,

Liv. 2, 51, 3:

parvus ut est cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor,

Lucr. 4, 181; 4, 191:

si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 34.—So in the optative formula:

quod bonum, faustum, felixque sit,

Liv. 1, 28, 7; 1, 17, 10; 39, 15, 1; 3, 54;

3, 34.—Also, quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 50;

and with a noun as subject: ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix, fortunataque evenat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3.—

To be kind:

bonus cum probis'st (erus), malus cum malis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 22:

hic si vellet bonus ac benignus Esse,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 52.—

With reference to the gods:

ecastor ambae (Fortuna et Salus sunt bonae,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 129:

Palladis aut oculos ausa negare bonos (esse),

Prop. 3, 24, 12 (2, 28, 12).—

Bonum est (very rare for the class. bene est; v. bene).

Without a subject:

bonum sit!

may it be fortunate, favorable! Verg. E. 8, 106.—

With subject inf.:

nam et stulte facere, et stulte fabularier in aetate haud bonum est,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 61:

bonum est pauxillum amare, insane non bonum est,

id. Curc. 1, 3,20.—

Melius est.

With subject inf.:

melius sanam est mentem sumere,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 51:

nihil sentire est melius quam tam prava sentire,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125; cf. id. Fin. 1, 19, 62; id. Off. 1, 43, 156; so,

melius fuit, fuisset, or fuerat,

it would have been better, id. N. D. 3, 33; id. Sen. 23, 82; id. Off. 3, 25, 94:

proinde quiesse erit melius,

Liv. 3, 48, 3; 3, 41, 3; Verg. A. 11, 303.—

With subject inf.-clause:

meliu'st te quae sunt mandata tibi praevortier,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 125; id. Men. 5, 9, 32.—

With ut-clause:

quid melius quam ut hinc intro abeam et me suspendam clanculum,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 145; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 18.—

With subjectclause in the subjunctive:

nunc quid mihi meliu'st quam ilico hic opperiar erum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 22.—

Optimum est.

With subject inf.:

optimum visum est, captivos quam primum deportare,

Liv. 23, 34, 8:

si quis dicit optimum esse navigare,

Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 4 (32 fin.); so, optimum fuit, it would have been better, and optimum erat, it would be better, Quint. 6, prooem. 3; 11, 2, 33; Hor. S. 2, 1, 7.—

With inf.-clause:

constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti,

Caes. B. G. 2, 10: optimum visum est, in fluctuantem aciem tradi equos, etc., Liv 6, 24, 10; 22, 27, 6.—

With ut and subj:

hoc vero optimum, ut is qui, etc., id ultimum bonorum, id ipsum quid et quale sit nesciat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 3, 6.—

With quod:

illa vero optima (sunt) quod cum Haluntium venisset Archagathum vocari jussit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:

optimum vero (est) quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti,

id. Phil. 2, 36, 91.—

With second sup., in the phrase optumum factu est (where factu is redundant):

sed hoc mihi optumum factu arbitror,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 16:

optimum factu esse duxerant frumento... nostros prohibere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 30:

optumum factu credens exercitum augere,

Sall. C. 32, 1 (Kritz, factum); 57, 5 (Kritz, factum).

Ellipt. use: di meliora, i. e. dent or velint, i. e. let the gods grant better things than what you say, etc.; God forbid! in full:

di melius duint,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 16:

di meliora velint!

Ov. M. 7, 37.—Ellipt.:

di meliora! inquit,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47:

id ubi mulier audivit, perturbata, dii meliora inquit, etc.,

Liv. 39, 10, 2; 9, 9, 6; Verg. G. 3, 513;

similarly, di melius, i. e. fecerunt,

Val. Max. 6, 1, ext. 3.

With object expressed,

By dat.

= good, useful, beneficial for:

ambula, id lieni optumum est,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 25:

quia vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi,

Sall. C. 20, 3:

bona bello Cornus, jaculis, etc.,

Verg. G. 2, 447.—

= benignus or propitius, kind to:

vicinis bonus esto,

Cato, R. R. 4:

bene merenti mala es, male merenti bona es,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 3:

vos o mihi Manes, Este boni,

Verg. A. 12, 647.—

= idoneus, fit for, adapted to:

qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse,

Cato, R. R. 6:

tum erit ei rei optumum tempus,

id. ib. 26:

terra cui putre solum, Optima frumentis,

Verg. G. 2, 205; 2, 319; 1, 286.—

With sum and dat., in the phrase alicui bono est, it is of service to one, profits him:

accusant in quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:

bono fuisse Romanis adventum eorum constabat,

Liv. 7, 12, 4.—Hence, with rel. dat.: cui bono (est), for whose advantage it is:

quod si quis usurpet illud Cassianum cui bono fuerit, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

cui bono fuisset,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Mil. 12, 32 Ascon. ad loc.; cf.

ellipt. form cui bono?

Prisc. p. 1208 P.—

With dat. gerund:

ager oleto conserundo qui in Favonium spectavit, aliis bonus nullus erit,

Cato, R. R. 6; Varr. R. R. 1, 24:

(mons) quia pecori bonus alendo erat,

Liv. 29, 31; 9, 10.—

By ad and acc.:

refert et ad quam rem bona aut non bona sit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 91:

occasio quaeritur idoneane fuerit ad rem adoriendam, an alia melior,

Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7:

non campos modo militi Romano ad proelium bonos, etc.,

Tac. A. 2, 14.

cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.

In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

id. ib. prol. 125:

cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

id. Mil. 21, 55:

quibuscum essem libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

id. Sull. 3, 7:

si cenas hodie mecum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—

In an expression of displeasure:

in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—

In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

cum primo luci,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

cum primā luce,

id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

cum primo lumine solis,

Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

pariter cum ortu solis,

Sall. J. 106, 5:

pariter cum occasu solis,

id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

cum sole reliquit,

Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

mane cum luci simul,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—

In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

cum magno provinciae periculo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

cum summo probro,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

cum summā tuā dignitate,

Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

cum bonā alite,

Cat. 61, 19:

ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

orare cum lacrimis coepere,

Liv. 5, 30, 5:

si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

cum curā,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

cum summo studio,

Sall. C. 51, 38:

cum quanto studio periculoque,

Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

cum multā venustate et omni sale,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

maximo cum clamore involant,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

cum clamore,

Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

cum clamore ac tumultu,

id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

illud cum pace agemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

cum bonā pace,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

cum bonā gratiā,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

cum bonā veniā,

Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

cum veniā,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

cum virtute vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 1, 8:

cum firmā memoriā,

id. 5, 10, 54:

legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

Suet. Calig. 16:

spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

Liv. 4, 20, 3.—

Attributively, with subst.:

et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—

Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).

Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—

With ut:

Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —

With ne:

obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

Col. 5, 1, 4:

cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

id. 2, 17.—

Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

cum superis,

Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—

Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

cum octavo, cum decimo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

cum centesimo,

Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

cum linguā lingere,

Cat. 98, 3:

cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

Verg. A. 9, 816:

cum vino et oleo ungere,

Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.

In partic.

Completing the meaning of verbs.

With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

id. 1, 9, 16:

interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

id. Clu. 31, 86:

hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

id. 3, 58, 4:

stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

id. 8, 34, 1:

conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

Curt. 7, 1, 6:

Autronium secum facere,

Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—

Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

cum civibus vivere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

Liv. 1, 45, 2:

partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

cum Baebio communicare,

id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

Liv. 1, 58, 4:

duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

id. 2, 10, 5.—

Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

cum aliquo agere,

to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

si par est agere cum civibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

tecum enim mihi res est,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

pacem cum Sabinis facere,

Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—

Of deliberation and discussion:

haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—

Of strife, difference, etc.:

quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

manu cum hoste confligere,

id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

utilia cum honestis pugnare,

id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

cum Auruncis bellum inire,

id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

id. 2, 40, 14:

inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

cum Scipione dissentire,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—

Of comparison:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—

Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

hominem sine re, sine fide,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

cadus cum vino,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

olla cum aquā,

Cato, R. R. 156:

arcula cum ornamentis,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

onerariae naves cum commeatu,

Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

cum servili schemā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

so of clothing,

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

so of weapons,

id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

cum quinque pedibus natus,

id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

Liv. 9, 44, 14:

te Romam venisse cum febri,

Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

cum imperio aut magistratu,

Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—

With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—

In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.

Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—

Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.

In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—

It designates,

A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—

The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.

Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].

Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.

In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.

The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.

Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.

With principal predicate in pres.:

nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—

With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—

With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

Verg. G. 3, 457:

nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—

With logical perf. indic.

With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—

With two logical perff. (rare):

cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—

With principal predicate in pres.:

in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in pres.:

quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—

With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—

With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—

With two fut. perff.:

cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—

In partic.

In definitions with pres, indic.:

humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —

Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—

Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—

With subj. referring to indefinite time.

With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).

With pres. subj.:

acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

difficile est tacere cum doleas,

Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—

With perf. subj.:

difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—

In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—

In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—

When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—

If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

Cato, R. R. 28:

quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—

Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).

Cum with pres. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

quod cum ita est,

if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

quodsi ita est,

Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —

With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—

Cum with logical perf. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

quom videbis tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—

With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—

In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in fut.:

mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—

With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—

With subj. in definite time.

Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—

Sometimes by attraction:

curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —

In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.

In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.

With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

quom testamento patris partisset bona,

Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

quom venisset,

Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —

With pluperf. indic.

Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—

If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—

If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—

If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.

With pluperf. indic.

With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—

With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—

With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—

In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.

When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—

Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—

When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—

For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.

In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

also,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).

Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).

The clause expressing a momentary action:

posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—

If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—